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The document provides an overview of vaccines, defining them as biological preparations that enhance immunity against diseases by introducing agents resembling pathogens. It categorizes various types of vaccines, including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, DNA, recombinant, and conjugated vaccines, each with specific characteristics and examples. The document also highlights the historical context of vaccines, tracing the term back to Edward Jenner's work with cowpox.

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69 views21 pages

Final

The document provides an overview of vaccines, defining them as biological preparations that enhance immunity against diseases by introducing agents resembling pathogens. It categorizes various types of vaccines, including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, DNA, recombinant, and conjugated vaccines, each with specific characteristics and examples. The document also highlights the historical context of vaccines, tracing the term back to Edward Jenner's work with cowpox.

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12345gameover54321
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© © All Rights Reserved
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VACCINE.

P.Dhiksha sarathy,
III. B.SC. ZOOLOGY,
Yadava college,
Madurai.
Introduction :
A Vaccine is biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular
disease.
A Vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing
micro organism and is often made from weakened ( or) killed forms of the
microbes.
The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as
foreign, destroy it and keep a record of it .
So that the immune system can more easily recognize and destry any of
these micro organism that it later encounters.
The term Vaccine and Vaccination are derived from Variolae Vaccinae
(smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner denote cowpox.
EDWARD JENNER.
Types of Vaccine
Live Attenuated Vaccine
Inactivated Vaccine
Subunit Vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
DNA vaccine
Recombinant vaccine
Conjugated vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine :
Alive, but weakened germs.
Most like natural immunity
Provides strong disease immunity.
Vaccine contain whole bacteria (or) virus which have been ( weakened)
Not cause disease in healthy people
For example: Yellow fever, chicken pox, measles.
YELLOW FEVER.
CHICKEN POX
Inactivated Vaccine :
Scientists produce inactivated vaccines by killing the
disease causing microbe with chemicals, heat or radiation.
Such vaccines are more stable and safer than live vaccines.
Because dead microbes can’t mutate back to their disease
causing state.
Example: Vaccines against influenza , polio , hepatitis A
and rabies.
Polio vaccine :
Subunit Vaccine
Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the
antigens that best stimulate the immune system .
In some cases, these vaccines use epitopes the every specific parts of
the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to.
Because subunit vaccine contain only the essential antigens and not all
the other molecules that make up the microbes.
Example: Plague immunization.
Plague
immunization
Toxoid Vaccine
For bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chemicals, a toxoid might
be the answer
These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of
illness.
Scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins by treating them
with formalin
Such “ detoxified” toxins, called toxoids, are safe for use in vaccines.
Example: Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against
rattlesnake bites.
RATTLESSNAKE
VACCINE:
DNA Vaccine:
Still in the experimental stages, these vaccines show great promises,
and several types are being tested in humans.
DNA vaccines take immunization to a new technological level.
These vaccines dispense with both the whole organism and its part
and get right down to the essentials: the microbe’s genetic materia.
Example: Influenza vaccine
INFLUENZA VACCINE
Recombinant vaccine
Prepared by using the protein / antigen of the pathogen without the
viral particle.
One disadvantage : if protein gets denature this , will not be effective.
Example: HEPATITIS B VACCINE.
HEPATITIS B VACCINE:
CONJUGATED:
Less effective in infants as they do not induce immune
response in children.
Conjugated protein carrier to the polysaccharide
vaccine could induce much strong immune response.
For example: Hemophilus influenza vaccine ( HIB).
HIB:
THANK YOU..

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