Materials Science and Engineering

Introduction Imperfections
Historical Perspective (Civilization, Natural & Solids
Synthetic)
Diffusion
Materials Science & Engineering
Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
Materials paradigm
Failure
Why Study (Materials, Design problem, Selection, Economics)
Corrosion and degradation of materials
Classification of Solid Materials, Metal Alloys
Environmental and Societal issues in MS&E
Applications & Processing
Metal Alloys
Phase
Ceramics
Diagrams
Polymers
Transformations
Structure :
Composites
Atomic and Interatomic Bonding

Crystalline Solids

Ceramics

Polymer

Microstructure

Properties of Solid Materials

Mechanical

Electrical

Thermal

Magnetic

Optical
 Introduction
Historical Perspective :

The development & advancement of societies is by members’ ability to produce & manipulate materials to fill their needs. Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age)
Natural occurring materials : The earliest humans had access to. Eg: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
With time, humans discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones.
Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.

Materials Science - Involves investigating the relationships that exist between structure & properties of materials.
Functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials.

Materials Engineering - Involves, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
Materials engineer is to create new products or systems using existing materials and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.

Central paradigm of materials science and engineering or materials paradigm Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance → Reuse/Recyclability

Structure – Arrangement of internal components

Levels :

Subatomic structure - Involves electrons within the individual atoms, their energies and interactions with the nuclei
Atomic structure - Relates to the organization of atoms to yield molecules or crystals.
Nanostructure - Deals with aggregates of atoms that form particles (nanoparticles) that have nanoscale dimensions (< 100 nm).
Microstructure - Structural elements that are subject to direct observation using some type of microscope (structural features having dimensions 100 nm to several millimeters).
Macrostructure - Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye (with scale range between several millimeters and on the order of a meter).

Property - material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.

Mech - deformation to an applied load or force

Elec - stimulus is an applied electric fi eld
Thermal - related to changes in temperature or temperature gradients across a material
Magnetic - the responses of a material to the application of a magnetic field
Optical - the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation
Deteriorative - relate to the chemical reactivity of materials

Processing - Structure of a material depends on how it is processed

Performance - Material’s performance is a function of its properties.

Why study MS&E :

1. Things engineers design are made of materials

2. Exposed to a design problem involving materials
3. Selecting a best material from the thousands available
4. Economics

Classification of Solid Materials :

5. Metals
6. Ceramics
7. Polymers
8. Advanced Materials
Semiconductors
Bio-materials
Smart materials
Nano materials
 Metal Alloys
Ferrous Alloys - Iron is the principal constituent
Non-Ferrous Alloys - Not iron based

Ferrous Alloys are widespread because of three factors:

(1) Abundant quantities within the Earth’s crust

(2) Produced using relatively economical extraction, refining, alloying and fabrication techniques
(3) Versatile that they may be tailored to have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties.

Limitations to Non-Ferrous Alloys :

(4) High density

(5) Low electrical conductivity
(6) Susceptibility to corrosion in some common environments

Disadvantage : Susceptibility to corrosion.

Steels : Iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements

The mechanical properties are sensitive to content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%. Hence steels are classified according to carbon concentration into

1. Low - < 0.25 wt% C. Unresponsive to heat treatments intended to form martensite and strengthening is accomplished by cold work. Microstructures consist of ferrite and pearlite constituents.
2. Medium - Between about 0.25 and 0.60 wt% C
3. High-carbon types - Between about 0.60 and 1.40 wt% C

Cast Iron - >2.14 wt%C

2. Gray Iron - Dark graphite flakes are embedded in an α-ferrite matrix.

3. Ductile or Nodular Iron - Dark graphite nodules are surrounded by an α-ferrite matrix
4. White Iron - Light cementite regions are surrounded by pearlite, which has the ferrite– cementite layered structure
5. Malleable Iron - Dark graphite rosettes (temper carbon) in an α-ferrite matrix.
6. Compacted Graphite Iron - Dark graphite wormlike particles are embedded within an α-ferrite matrix

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 Non-Ferrous Alloys

Noble or Precious Metals : Group of 8 elements that have some physical characteristics in common. (silver, platinum, gold, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium)

(1) Expensive
(2) Soft, ductile and oxidation resistant

Silver and gold may be strengthened by solid-solution alloying with copper

Sterling silver - silver– copper alloy containing 7.5 wt % Cu

Gold - Integrated circuit electrical contacts

Platinum - Chemical laboratory equipment, as a catalyst (especially in the manufacture of gasoline) & in thermocouples to measure elevated temperatures.

Silver & Gold Alloys – Dental restoration materials

Silver, gold, platinum – Jewelry

 Ceramics

Compounds between metallic & nonmetallic elements most frequently :

1. Carbides - silicon carbide (SiC)

2. Nitrides - silicon nitride (Si3N4)
3. Oxides - Aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2)

Traditional ceramics—those composed of

4. clay minerals (e.g., porcelain)

5. cement
6. glass
 Polymers

Plastic and rubber materials

 Composites

composed of two (or more) individual materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers).
design goal is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials.
Naturally occurring composites—for example, wood and bone.
1. GFRP - Fiberglass - small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester) .The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas the polymer is more flexible.
2. CFRP - Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer - Carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer. Stiffer and stronger than. Used in Aerospace, Sporting equipment & Automobile.
 Comparison
Metals Ceramics Polymers Composites

Mechanical Behaviour

(Room temperature
Density
Stiffness
Strength
Fracture )

Historical ceramics have exhibited extreme brittleness (lack of ductility) and are highly susceptible to fracture.
Newer ceramics are being engineered to have improved resistance to fracture; these materials are used for cookware, cutlery, and even automobile engine parts.

Electrical Behaviour
(Room temperature
electrical conductivity

Thermal Behaviour Good conductors Insulative to the passage of heat

and more resistant to high
temperatures
Optical Behaviour Not transparent to visible light May be transparent, translucent,
or opaque
Magnetic Behaviour Some metals (i.e., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable Fe3O4 exhibit magnetic behavior Nonmagnetic
magnetic properties.
 Reference

1. Materials Science and Engineering - 10th Edition : WILLIAM D. CALLISTER, JR. (Department of Metallurgical Engineering The University of Utah) &
DAVID G. RETHWISCH (Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Iowa)