HOME AUTOMATION USING IOT

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KARTHICK S (312421105022)

SIVAPRAKASH S (312421105049)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

St. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE)

ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2025

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “HOME AUTOMATION USING IOT” is the
bonafide work of “KARTHICK S”(312421105022) ,“SIVAPRAKASH
S”(312421105049) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. D. KIRUBAKARAN,M.E,Ph.D, Mr.R.MANIVANAN,M.E,(Ph.D),
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, PROJECT SUPERVISOR,
PROFESSOR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
Department of Electrical &
Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering,
Electronics Engineering,
St. Joseph’s Institute Of St. Joseph’s Institute Of
Technology, Technology,
OMR, Chennai- 119. OMR, Chennai- 119.

Certified that the above Candidate was examined in the University Project Viva-Voce
held on .

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The contentment and elation that accompany the successful completion of any work would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible.
Words are inadequate in offering my sincere thanks and gratitude to our respected and
beloved Chairman Dr. B. Babu Manoharan M.A., M.B.A., Ph.D., our respected Managing
Director Mr. B. Sashi Sekar M.Sc., our respected Executive Director
Ms. S. Jessie Priya M.Com and our respected principal Dr. P. Arivazhagan, M.E., Ph.D., for
having encouraged me to do my under graduation in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in
this esteemed college.
I also express my sincere thanks and most heartfelt sense of gratitude to our
eminent Head of the Department Dr. D. Kirubakaran M.E., Ph.D., and our
project coordinator, Mr. R. Manivanan, M.E., (Ph.D.), having extended his helping hands at
all times.
It is with deep sense of gratitude that I acknowledge my indebtedness to my
beloved
supervisor Mr. R. Manivanan, M.E., (Ph.D.), a perfectionist for him expert
guidance and connoisseur suggestion.
Last but not the least; I thank my family members and friends who have been the greatest
source of support to me.

KARTHICK S
SIVAPRAKASH S

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 ABSTRACT

Home monitoring system and control system are a device that is implemented using
Internet of Things. The Internet of Things is the internetworking of physical devices,
vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange
data. The home monitoring system monitors doors and windows of your home and
notifies you of any new access of your property via a data feed. Home monitoring system
consists of sensors to detect intrusion and captures and sends multiple pictures of the
intruder to the user anywhere through Internet. The system is implemented via the use of
IOT, which is the interconnection of machines via Internet for advanced connectivity. .
This proposed work presents a low cost and flexible le home control and monitoring
system using an embedded micro-web server, with IP connectivity for accessing and
controlling devices and appliances remotely. The proposed system does not require a
dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication
protocol to monitor and control the home environment with more than just the switching
functionality

The primary objective of this project is to reduce human work. Automation has always
been a prime factor for security system. We aimed in the project is to design and
implement a security system. System that offers controllability through a hand held
mobile phone by means of IOT and we controlling the home appliance through the
internet there is no distance parameter for that we have to control the electrical appliance
at anywhere in the world

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
2.1 Existing Method 2
2.2 Related Work 2
3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 Proposed Method 6
3.1.1 Advantages of Proposed Method 6
3.1.2 Block Diagram 7
3.1.3 Hardware Requirement 7
3.1.4 Software Requirement 8
3.2 Hardware Description 8
3.2.1 Arduino Nano 8
3.2.2 Temperature Sensor 9
3.2.3 Node MCU 9
3.2.4 Motion Sensor 12

3.2.5 Gas Sensor 16

3.2.6 Water Level Sensor 19
3.2.7 Vibration Sensors 20

vi
3.3 Software Description 22

3.3.1 Arduino IDE 22

3.3.2 Proteus Simulator 24

CONCLUSION 35

REFERENCES 36

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 Block Diagram Of proposed System 7
3.2 Pin Diagram of Arduino Nano 8
3.3 Temperature Sensor 9

3.4 ESP8266 10
3.5 11
Node MCU
3.6 PIR Sensor 14
3.7 Pins of PIR Sensor 15
3.8 Gas Sensor 17
3.9 Pins of Gas Sensor 18
3.1O Water level Sensor 19
3.11 Vibration Sensor 21
3.12 23
Arduino IDE Interface
3.13 Proteus Simulator 24

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The home monitoring and control system, implemented using the Internet of
Things (IoT), allows for advanced connectivity and data exchange between physical
devices. It monitors doors and windows, notifying users of new access via a data feed.
Equipped with sensors to detect intrusions, it captures and sends multiple pictures of
the intruder to the user through the Internet. This system utilizes an embedded micro-
web server with IP connectivity for remote device and appliance control, eliminating
the need for a dedicated server PC.

Home automation involves controlling electrical devices in homes or offices.

Various systems exist, designed for different purposes, but interoperability and
interconnection remain significant challenges. Effective home automation systems
should offer a user-friendly interface for easy setup, monitoring, and control of
devices. The Internet is crucial for ensuring remote control, and advancements in
technology have expanded its use beyond traditional activities to include interaction
with machinery and devices.

The proposed system can be used in banks, hospitals, labs, and other
sophisticated automated environments, reducing the risks of unauthorized entry. The
primary goals of developing this system are to save time and manpower while
enhancing security and convenience. This technology offers a flexible, low-cost
solution for home control and monitoring, addressing the need for efficient and
accessible automation. The integration of IoT in home automation systems represents a
significant advancement in how we interact with our living spaces, making homes
smarter and more responsive to the needs of their inhabitants.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 EXISTING METHOD

Design and Realization of Home Appliances Control System Based on The

Android Smartphone present the information about the remote appliances
control system based on the Android smart phone is designed and realized. A
user logs into the smart phone interface, and clicks the buttons gently to send
message commands which will be transmitted to home information Center
through the GSM network. Then the PIC processor recognizes the specified
command, and controls the home appliance switches in the wireless radio
frequency manner to achieve remote control of appliances ultimately. The
existing system of our project didn’t use Internet of things concept to control
the home appliances. This is suitable for modern technologies to control
devices wherever you located in the world. So, we are moving to the IOT
technology as proposed system in our project for the home automation.

2.2 RELATED WORK

Assaf M ansour and Ronaldo Mootoo ET A L(2012)

The conventional design of home security systems typically monitors only the
property and lacks physical control aspects of the house itself. Also, the term
security is not well defined because there is a time delay between the alarm
system going on and actual arrival of the security personnel. This paper
discusses the development of a home security and monitoring system that
works where the traditional security systems that are mainly concerned about
curbing burglary and gathering evidence against trespassing fail. The paper
presents the design and implementation details of this new home control
and
2
security system based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) The user
here can interact directly with the system through a web-based interface over
the Internet, while home appliances like air conditioners, lights, door locks
and gates are remotely controlled through a user-friendly web page. An
additional feature that enhances the security aspect of the system is its
capability of monitoring entry points such as doors and windows so that in the
event any breach, an alerting email message is sent to the home owner instant.

Aman jha,Ranajay Malik ET AL (2017)

In today’s world where energy management and conservation is a talked

subject and smartphones are reshaping our lives, “Smart Home Lighting
System” is one such area which is gaining lot of attraction in lighting
industry. Major advancement in this field is “Bluetooth Low Energy” for
connectivity and remote control. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is seen as a
promising technology for Smart Home Automation and Lighting. It is
upward version of classic Bluetooth and works in same 2.4 GHz radio
frequency band. One feature that is more prominent in BLE compared with
classic Bluetooth is the reduced power consumption which makes it
suitable for LED lighting segment. For high efficiency, long lifetime, better
light quality and reliability, LED is already a winner in lighting technology.
Adding smartness to LED light further boost its superiority. Selective turn
on/turn off and brightness control results in increased system life and
reduced energy consumption. As input is from AC source and LED is a
constant current DC load, power quality is another major area of concern
for LED lighting which need to be taken care. The recommended harmonic
norms IEC61000-3-2 Class C, EMI limits (CISPR 15) and Energy Star
(standby consumption) are also imposed for LED lighting.
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Lamir Shkurti, Xhevahir Bajrami, Ercan Canhasi ET AL(2017)

In this paper they have developed a system for web based environment
monitoring using the WSN Technology. WSN sensor nodes transmit data to
the cloud-based database via Web API request. Measured data can be
monitored by the user anywhere from internet by using the Web Application
which one is also compatible for mobile phones. If the data measured by sensor
node exceeds the configured value range in Web Application, Web
Application sends a warning e- mail to users for improving environmental
conditions.

Hayet Lamine and Hafedh Abid ET AL (2014)

In this paper, they proposed a Remote control of a domestic equipment from an

Android application based on Raspberry pi card. Home automation has been
recalled in the first stage. In the second stage an application has been
developed based on the android system. The different diagrams have been
presented. Different codes have been developed to allow the communication
between the remote user, the web server, the raspberry pi card and the home
components. Also an interface card has been developed to assure the
communication between the home components and raspberry pi card. The
application has been installed on a Smartphone, a web server and a raspberry
pi card to order the shutter of windows. The experimental results are
successful.

Vaishnavi S. Gunge and Pratibha S. Yalagi ET AL (2016)

Home automation is becoming popular due to its numerous benefits. Home

automation refers to the control of home appliances and domestic features by
local networking or by remote control. Artificial Intelligence provides us the
4
The work focuses on concept of home automation where the monitoring and
control operations are facilitating through smart devices installed in residential
buildings. Heterogeneous home-automation systems and technologies
considered in review with central controller based (Arduino or Raspberry pi),
web based, email based, Bluetooth-based, mobile-based, SMS based, ZigBee
based, Dual Tone Multi Frequency-based, cloud-based and the Internet with
performance.

Abhishek Vichare,Shilpa Verma (2012)

Main aim of this paper is to describe how to connect a micro- controller to

LAN or Internet and use it as a web server. This paper offers a new approach
to control home appliances from a remote terminal, with an option from a
local server, using the Internet. This system is accomplished by personal
computers, interface cards, microcontroller, along with window-type software
and microcontroller control software. The system is designed to control home
appliances' on/off, to regulate their output power, and to set their usage timing.
The microcontroller which is used in this project is the Philips
P89C51RD2BN microcontroller.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROPOSED METHOD

The proposed system designed for security purpose and to monitor the
basically consists of Arduino module and sensor. Node MCU is connected to
the internet through IOT Technology with sensors to monitor the home
efficiently. We connected PIR,Vibration,Gas and LDR Sensors to the Node
MCU to monitor our home through IOT Technology. We can control home
electrical devices such as bulb, fan, motor through the Internet of Things(IOT)

Home monitoring system consists of sensors to detect intrusion and captures

and sends multiple pictures of the intruder to the user anywhere through
Internet. The system is implemented via the use of IOT, which is the
interconnection of machines via Internet for advanced connectivity

3.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Long distance coverage

 Real time controlling and monitoring
 Control through mobile, pc and also the phablets
 Low cost and expandable allowing a variety of devices to be controlled
 Saves money and energy
 All in one user friendly system
 This is noise free system.
 High secured

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3.1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram Of proposed System

3.1.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

• Temperature sensor

• PIR sensor

• Gas sensor

• Node MCU

• Water level sensor

• Vibration sensor

• Arduino Nano

• Arduino IDE

• Proteus simulator

• Embedded C Programming

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3.1.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

 Arduino Nano

 Proteus simulator

 Embedded C Programming

3.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The hardware components used in the method are listed and described
below.

3.2.1 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano is a compact, versatile microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328P, ideal for projects requiring a small footprint. It features 14
digital input/output pins, 8 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a mini-USB
connection, and a reset button. The Nano is compatible with most Arduino shields
and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE. Its small size, low power
consumption, and flexibility make it suitable for embedded systems, wearable
projects, robotics, and rapid prototyping. Additionally, it supports various
communication protocols like I2C, SPI, and UART, enhancing its adaptability for
diverse applications. Its ease of use makes it popular among hobbyists and
professionals alike

Fig 3.2 Pin Diagram of Arduino Nano

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3.2.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The temperature sensor measures heat to provide temperature readings,

typically converting thermal energy into an electrical signal. Common types
include thermocouples, thermistors, and digital sensors. They're used in HVAC
systems, medical devices, weather stations, and industrial applications for
monitoring and control. Accurate, reliable, and crucial for many technological
applications

Fig 3.3 Temperature Sensor

3.2.3 NODE MCU

Node MCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board

specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based
on the ESP-12 module. The Node MCU Development Board can be easily
programmed with Arduino IDE since it is easy to use. Programming with
the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All you need is the Arduino
IDE, a USB cable and the Node MCU board itself. You can check this
Getting started with Arduino Nano to prepare your Arduino IDE for Node
MCU. Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source. The
firmware uses the Lua scripting language. Due to resource resource
constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and
build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit has also been
implemented. The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board
functioning as a dual 9
in-line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller
surface-mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the
DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was
initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266 , which is a Wi-Fi
SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT
applications.

ESP8266 ARDUINO
As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on
non-AVR processors like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino
Due, they needed to modify the Arduino IDE so that it would be relatively
easy to change the IDE to support alternate toolchains to allow Arduino
C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They did this with the
introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM Core. A "core" is the
collection of software components required by the Board Manager and the
Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the target MCU's
machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino core for
the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino
IDE".[17] This has become a leading software development platform for the
various ESP8266-based modules and development boards, including
NodeMCUs. NodeMCU is an open-source LUA based firmware developed
for the ESP8266 wifi chip. By exploring functionality with the ESP8266 chip,
NodeMCU firmware comes with the ESP8266 Development board/kit i.e.
NodeMCU Development board

Fig 3.4 ESP8266

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NODEMCU DEVELOPMENT BOARD/KIT V0.9 (VERSION1)

Since NodeMCU is an open-source platform, its hardware design is open for

edit/modify/build. NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wifi enabled
chip. The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi- Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems
with TCP/IP protocol.

Fig 3.5 Node MCU

CODING FOR NODE MCU

After setting up ESP8266 with Node-MCU firmware, let’s see the IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) required for the development of
NodeMCU Here is another way of developing NodeMCU with a well-known
IDE i.e. Arduino IDE. We can also develop applications on NodeMCU using
the Arduino development environment. This makes it easy for Arduino
developers than learning a new language and IDE for NodeMCU.

NODEMCU ESP8266 SPECIFICATIONS & FEATURES

• Operating Voltage: 3.3V

• Input Voltage: 7-12V

• Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16

• Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1 11

• UARTs: 1

• SPIs: 1

• I2Cs: 1
• Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

• Operating Voltage: 3.3V

• Input Voltage: 7-12V

• Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16

• Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1

• Flash Memory: 4 MB

• SRAM: 64 KB

• Clock Speed: 80 MHz

• USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n

Play

• PCB Antenna

• Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

3.2.4 MOTION SENSOR

A PIR detector is a motion detector that senses the heat emitted by a living
body. These are often fitted to security lights so that they will switch on
automatically if approached. They are very effective in enhancing home
security systems. The sensor is passive because, instead of emitting a beam of
light or microwave energy that must be interrupted by a passing person in
order to “sense” that person, the PIR is simply sensitive to the infrared
energy emitted by every living thing. When an intruder walks into the
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detector’s field of vision, the detector “sees” a sharp increase in infrared
energy. A PIR sensor light is designed to turn on when a person approaches,
but will not react to a person standing still. The lights are designed this way.
A moving person exhibits a sudden change in infrared energy, but a slower
change is emitted by a motionless body. Slower changes are also caused by
gradual fluctuations in the temperature of the environment. If the light were
sensitive to these slower changes, it would react to the sidewalk cooling off
at night, instead of the motion of a burglar. If you have a PIR light, you may
notice that it is more sensitive on cold days than on warm days. This is because
the difference in temperature between the ambient air and the human body is
greater on cold days, making the rise in temperature easier for the sensor to
detect. This has drawbacks, though; if the sensor is too sensitive, it will pick up
things you don’t want it to such as the movement of small animals. Passive
infrared sensor is an electronic device, which measures infrared light radiating
from objects in its field of view. PIRs are often used in the construction of PIR-
based motion detectors.

Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature,

such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature,
such as a wall. All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. This
energy is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices
designed for such a purpose. The term 'Passive' in this instance means the PIR
does not emit energy of any type but merely accepts incoming infrared
radiation. Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the
sensor face At the core of a PIR is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made
from approximately 1/4 inches square of natural or artificial pyroelectric
materials, usually in the form of a thin film, out of gallium nitride (GaN),
caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine,
and cobalt phthalocyanine. 13
. (See pyroelectric crystals.) Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting
both piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties.The sensor is often manufactured
as part of an integrated circuit and may consist of one (1), two (2) or four (4)
'pixels' of equal areas of the pyroelectric material.Pairs of the sensor pixels
may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a
configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average
temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an
increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not
trigger the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in
the event of being exposed to flashes of light or field-wide illumination. It
minimizes common-mode interference; this allows the device to resist
triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors
cannot measure temperature in that configuration and therefore this
configuration is specialized for motion detectors.In a PIR-based motion
detector, the PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit board, which
also contains the necessary electronics required to interpret the signals from
the chip.

PIR SENSOR
The IR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can
to improve noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of
IR-transmissive material (typically coated silicon since that is very easy to
come by) that protects the sensing element. Behind the window are the two
balanced sensors.

Fig 3.6 PIR Sensor

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PINS OF PIR SENSOR
Most PIR modules have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. The pinout
may vary between modules so triple-check the pinout! It's often silkscreened
on right next to the connection (at least, ours is!) One pin will be ground,
another will be signal and the final one will be power. Power is usually 3-
5VDC input but may be as high as 12V. Sometimes larger modules don't have
direct output and instead just operate a relay in which case there is ground,
power and the two switch connections.The output of some relays may be 'open
collector' - that means it requires a pullup resistor. If you're not getting a
variable output be sure to try attaching a 10K pullup between the signal and
power pins. An easy way of prototyping with PIR sensors is to connect it to
a breadboard since the connection port is 0.1" spacing. Some PIRs come
with header on them already, the one's from adafruit have a straight 3-pin
header on them for connecting a cable

Fig 3.7 Pins of PIR Sensor

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3.2.5 GAS SENSOR
In current technology scenario, monitoring of gases produced is very
important. From home appliances such as air conditioners to electric
chimneys and safety systems at industries monitoring of gases is very
crucial. Gas sensors are very important part of such systems. Small like a
nose, gas sensors spontaneously react to the gas present, thus keeping the
system updated about any alterations that occur in the concentration of
molecules at gaseous state.Gas sensors are available in wide specifications
depending on the sensitivity levels, type of gas to be sensed, physical
dimensions and numerous other factors.

This Insight covers a methane gas sensor that can sense gases such as ammonia
which might get produced from methane. When a gas interacts with this sensor,
it is first ionized into its constituents and is then adsorbed by the sensing
element. This adsorption creates a potential difference on the element which is
conveyed to the processor unit through output pins in form of current. . The gas
sensor module consists of a steel exoskeleton under which a sensing element is
housed. This sensing element is subjected to current through connecting leads.
This current is known as heating current through it, the gases coming close to
the sensing element get ionized and are absorbed by the sensing element

This changes the resistance of the sensing element which alters the value of the
current going out of it. The connecting leads of the sensor are thick so that
sensor can be connected firmly to the circuit and sufficient amount of heat gets
conducted to the inside part. They are casted from copper and have tin plating
over them. Four of the six leads (A, B, C, D) are for signal fetching while two
(1, 2) are used to provide sufficient heat to the sensing element. The pins are
placed on a Bakelite base which is a good insulator and provides firm gripping
to the connecting leads of the sensor.
16
 Fig 3.8 Gas Sensor

The top of the gas sensor is removed off to see the internals parts of the sensor:
sensing element and connection wiring. The hexapod structure is constituted by
the sensing element and six connecting legs that extend beyond the Bakelite
base.Image shows the hollow sensing element which is made up from
Aluminium Oxide based ceramic and has a coating of tin oxide. Using a
ceramic substrate increases the heating efficiency and tin oxide, being sensitive
towards adsorbing desired gas’ components (in this case methane and its
products) suffices as sensing coatingThe leads responsible for heating the
sensing element are connected through Nickel-Chromium, well known
conductive alloy. Leads responsible for output signals are connected using
platinum wires which convey small changes in the current that passes through
the sensing element. The platinum wires are connected to the body of the
sensing element while Nickel-Chromium wires pass through its hollow
structure. While other wires are attached to the outer

17
body of the element, Nickel-Chromium wires are placed inside the element in a
spring shaped. Image shows coiled part of the wire which is placed on the
inside of the hollow ceramic.Image shows the ceramic with tin dioxide on the
top coating that has good adsorbing property. Any gas to be monitored has
specific temperature at which it ionizes. The task of the sensor is to work at the
desired temperature so that gas molecules get ionized. Through Nickel-
chromium wire, the ceramic region of the sensing element is subjected to
heating current. The heat is radiated by the element in the nearby region where
gases interact with it and get ionized. Once, ionized, they are absorbed by the
tin dioxide. Adsorbed molecules change the resistance of the tin dioxide layer.
This changes the current flowing through the sensing element and is conveyed
through the output leads to the unit that controls the working of the gas sensor.

Fig 3.9 Pins of Gas Sensor

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3.2.6 WATER LEVEL SENSOR
He Water level sensor is a solid state, continuous (multi-level) fluid level sensor
for measuring levels in water, non-corrosive water based liquids and dry fluids
(powders). The Water level sensor is manufactured using printed electronic
technologies which employ additive direct printing processes to produce
functional circuits.

Fig 3.10 Water level Sensor

The Water level sensor's envelope is compressed by hydrostatic pressure of the

fluid in which it is immersed resulting in a change in resistance which
corresponds to the distance from the top of the sensor to the fluid surface. The
Water level sensor provides a resistive output that is inversely proportional to
the level of the liquid: the lower the liquid level, the higher the output
resistance; the higher the liquid level, the lower the output resistance.

Sensor Length: 14.1" (358 mm) Resolution: < 0.01“(0.25 mm) Thickness:
0.015“ (0.381mm) Actuation Depth: Nominal 1” (25.4 mm) Width: 1.0" (25.4
mm) Reference Resistor (Rref): 2250 , ±10% Active Sensor Length: 12.4" (315
mm) Connector: Crimpflex Pins Sensor Output: 2250 empty, 400 full, ±10%
Temperature Range: 15°F - 150°F (-9°C - 65°C) Resistance Gradient: 150 /inch
(59 /cm), ±10% Power Rating: 0.5 Watts (VMax = 10V)
19
Connect to the Water level by attaching a 4 pin connector with pre-soldered
wires to the Crimpflex pins. Do not solder directly to the Crimpflex pins. The
inner two pins (pins 2 and 3) are the sensor output (Rsense). The outer pins
(pins 1 and 4) are the reference resistor (Rref) which can be used for
temperature compensation. Suspend the Water level sensor in the fluid to be
measured.

To work properly the sensor must remain straight and must not be bent
vertically or longitudinally. For best results install the sensor inside a section of
1-inch diameter PVC pipe. Double sided adhesive tape may be applied to the
upper back portion of the sensor to suspend the sensor in the container to be
measured. However, the liquid must be allowed to interact freely with both
sides of the sensor. The vent hole located above the max line allows the Water
level to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure. The vent hole is fitted with a
hydrophobic filter membrane to prevent the Water level from being swamped if
inadvertently submerged.

3.2.7 VIBRATION SENSORS

The piezoelectric sensor is used for flex, touch, vibration and shock
measurement. Its basic principal, at the risk of oversimplification, is as
follows: whenever a structure moves, it experiences acceleration. A
piezoelectric shock sensor, in turn, can generate a charge when physically
accelerated. This combination of properties is then used to modify response or
reduce noise and vibration. Vibration and shock can shorten the life of any
electronic and electromechanical system. Delicate leads and bond wires
can be stressed, especially after exposure to long term vibration. Solder
joints can break free and PCB traces can ever so slightly tear from impact and
impulse
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 Fig 3.11 Vibration Sensor

The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in the latter
part of the 19th century. They discovered that minerals such as tourmaline and
quartz could transform mechanical energy into an electrical output. The
voltage induced from pressure (Greek: piezo) is proportional to that applied
pressure, and piezoelectric devices can be used to detect single- pressure events
as well as repetitive events.

Still, the ability of certain crystals to exhibit electrical charges under

mechanical loading was of no practical use until very-high-input impedance
amplifiers enabled engineers to amplify the signals produced by these crystals.
Several materials can be used to make piezoelectric sensors, including
tourmaline, gallium phosphate, salts, and quartz. Most electronic applications
use quartz since its growth technology is far along, thanks to development of
the reverse application of the piezoelectric effect; the quartz oscillator.

Sensors based on the piezoelectric effect can operate from transverse,

longitudinal, or shear forces, and are insensitive to electric fields and
electromagnetic radiation. The response is also very linear over wide
temperature ranges, making it an ideal sensor for rugged environments.
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3.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.3.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a robust and user-

friendly platform for developing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino
microcontroller boards. It caters to beginners and experienced developers,
offering an intuitive interface and powerful features. The IDE is open-source,
supporting various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
This cross-platform capability makes it accessible to a wide range of users,
facilitating collaboration and innovation in embedded systems projects.

The IDE consists of a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a series of menus. It
uses a simplified version of C++ known as Arduino Language, which is
designed to be approachable for novices while providing the flexibility needed
for complex projects. The text editor supports syntax highlighting and
automatic indentation, which helps in writing clean and readable code. Error
messages and warnings are displayed in the message area, aiding in quick
debugging.

One of the standout features of the Arduino IDE is its extensive library support.
Libraries provide pre-written code for various sensors, displays, motors, and
other components, significantly reducing development time. Users can easily
install libraries from the Library Manager within the IDE, which offers
thousands of libraries contributed by the Arduino community. This ecosystem
fosters creativity, enabling users to experiment with different components and
functionalities without starting from scratch.

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 Fig 3.12 Arduino IDE Interface

Uploading code to the Arduino board is straightforward. The IDE

communicates with the board via a USB connection, and the process of
compiling and uploading is streamlined. This simplicity is crucial for beginners,
as it allows them to focus on learning and building rather than dealing with
complicated setup processes. Advanced users can also take advantage of the
IDE's capabilities, such as integrating third-party tools and plugins, making
Arduino IDE a versatile tool for a wide range of applications in electronics and
programming.

In summary, the Arduino IDE is a versatile, user-friendly platform that

simplifies coding and uploading to Arduino boards, making it ideal for both
beginners and advanced users in electronics and programming

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3.3.2 PROTEUS SIMULATOR

Fig 3.13 Proteus Simulator

Proteus Simulator is a powerful and versatile software tool used for

designing and simulating electronic circuits. Developed by Labcenter
Electronics, it integrates schematic capture, simulation, and PCB layout design
in one cohesive environment. This comprehensive approach allows engineers,
hobbyists, and students to visualize and test their designs virtually before
building physical prototypes, saving time and resources in the development
process.

One of the key strengths of Proteus is its advanced simulation capabilities. It

supports mixed-mode SPICE circuit simulation, allowing users to test both
analog and digital components simultaneously. This feature is particularly
beneficial for complex projects that involve microcontrollers, sensors, and
various integrated circuits. The simulator can accurately emulate real-world
conditions, providing insights into circuit behavior and potential issues that
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might arise during actual implementation.
 CONCLUSION

As the system is dependent on the user’s discretion and judgeability of the situation (whether
it is guest or an intruder entering his house) the use of a camera connected to the
microcontroller might help the user in taking decisions whether to activate the security system
or welcome the guest .The captured picture of the guest or intruder after face detection, can be
mailed to the user. The user can further forward the same photograph to the police station if he
wishes.Further the system may be made more synchronised by integrating the voice call
feature within the same smart phone application through which the user can even control his
home appliances without any voice call being triggered to his phone

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 REFERENCES

1.Lamir Shkurti, Xhevahir Bajrami, Ercan Canhasi, Besim Limani, Samedin Krrabaj and Astrit Hulaj,
"Development of Ambient Environmental Monitoring System Through Wireless Sensor Network
Using NodeMCU and WSN Monitoring", 6th MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE O N
EMBEDDED COMPUTING (MECO), JUNE 11-15 2017.

2.Hayet Lamine and Hafedh Abid, "Remote control of domestic equipment from an Android
application based on Raspberry Pi card", IEEE transaction 15 th international conference on
Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control & computer engineering-STA'2014 , December 21-
23, 2014
3.Vaishnavi S. Gunge and Pratibha S. Yalagi, "Smart Home Automation: A Literature
Review",National Seminar on Recent Trends in Data Mining-RTDM, 2016

4.Abhishek Vichare,Shilpa Verma , “Embedded Web Server for Home Appliances”,International

Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 National Conference
on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (VNCET-30 Mar’12).

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