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Emf CH 1-1

The document provides an overview of vector fields, distinguishing between scalars and vectors, and explaining vector addition and subtraction. It covers operations such as the scalar and vector products, as well as the projection of vectors. Additionally, it includes examples and methods for calculating determinants of 3x3 matrices.

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ABDALLAH KHALED
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3 views26 pages

Emf CH 1-1

The document provides an overview of vector fields, distinguishing between scalars and vectors, and explaining vector addition and subtraction. It covers operations such as the scalar and vector products, as well as the projection of vectors. Additionally, it includes examples and methods for calculating determinants of 3x3 matrices.

Uploaded by

ABDALLAH KHALED
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

ELECTROMAGNETIC

FIELDS

Vector Fields

1
 Scalar: A quantity that has only magnitude.
 For example time, mass, distance,
temperature and population are scalars.
 Scalar is represented by a letter – e.g., A, B

Chapter 1
 Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude
and direction.
 Example: Velocity, force, displacement and
electric field intensity.
 Vector is represent by a letter such as A, B,
orB

Chapter 1 3
 A unit vector along A is defined as a vector
whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its
direction is along A.

 It can be written as aA

4
Chapter 1
 The sum of two vectors for example
vectors A and B can be obtain by moving
one of them so that its terminal point (tip)
coincides with the initial point (tail) of the
other Terminal point
+B
initial

B B
initial
Terminal point
+B

5
Chapter 1
 Vector subtraction is similarly carried out as
D = A – B = A + (-B)
-B
-B

B
-B B
Figure (a) Figure (c)

Figure (c) shows that vector D is a


-B vector that is must be added to B to
give vector A

-B So if vector A and B are placed tail to


tail then vector D is a vector that runs
from the tip of B to A.
Figure (b)
6
Chapter 1
Vector Add and Subtract
 Scalar (dot ) product (A•B)

 Vector (cross) product (A X B)

 Scalar triple product A • (B X C)

 Vector triple product A X (B X C)

Chapter 1 8
 Multiplication of a scalar k to a vector A gives a
vector that points in the same direction as A and
magnitude equal to |kA|

 The division of a vector by a scalar quantity is a


multiplication of the vector by the reciprocal of
the scalar quantity.

9
Chapter 1
 The dot product of two vectors and , written
B as
is defined as the product of the
magnitude of and , and the projection of
onto (or vice versa).
 Thus ;

Where θ is the angle between and . The result


of dot product is a scalar quantity.

10
Chapter 1
 The cross (or vector) product of two vectors
A and B, defined as

where; a unit vector perpendicular to the


plane that contains the two vectors. The
direction of is taken as the direction of the
right thumb (using right-hand rule)

 The product of cross product is a vector

11
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 12
 A direct application of vector product is in
determining the projection (or component) of a
vector in a given direction. The projection can
be scalar or vector.

 Given a vector A, we define the scalar


component AB of A along vector B as
AB = A cos θAB = |A||aB| cos θAB
or AB = A·aB

Chapter 1 13
If and
then

Chapter 1 14
If and
then

which is obtained by multiplying A and B


component by component.

 It follows that modulus of a vector is

Chapter 1 15
 Cross product of the unit vectors yield:

Chapter 1 16
● If A=(Ax, Ay, Az), B=(Bx, By, Bz) then

● Note
Chapter 1 17
If A=(Ax, Ay, Az), B=(Bx, By, Bz) then 

Chapter 1 18
Example 1
Example 2

 Given three vectors P =


Q=
R=
Determine
a) (P+Q) X (P-Q)
b) Q•(R X P)
c) P•(Q X R)
d)
e) P X( Q X R)
f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and
R
20
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 21
Chapter 1 22
To find the determinant of a 3 X 3 matrix, we repeat the first
two rows and cross multiply; when the cross multiplication is
from right to left, the result should be negated as shown
below. This technique of finding a determinant applies only to
a 3 X 3 matrix. Hence

Chapter 1 23
Chapter 1 24
Chapter 1 25
Chapter 1 26

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