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PhyChem Gr3

The document covers key concepts in physical chemistry related to single and multiple phase systems, including Maxwell relations, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Gibbs-Duhem relation, phase diagrams, and corresponding states. Each concept is defined, explained, and illustrated with applications in various fields such as material science, meteorology, and chemical reactions. Additionally, sample questions and exercises are provided to reinforce understanding of these principles.

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123 views35 pages

PhyChem Gr3

The document covers key concepts in physical chemistry related to single and multiple phase systems, including Maxwell relations, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Gibbs-Duhem relation, phase diagrams, and corresponding states. Each concept is defined, explained, and illustrated with applications in various fields such as material science, meteorology, and chemical reactions. Additionally, sample questions and exercises are provided to reinforce understanding of these principles.

Uploaded by

dangnguyencute357
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1

Group
3 SINGLE and
MULTIPLEPHASE SYSTEM
Nguyễn Thủy Quỳnh Anh -
BTCEIU21001
Nguyễn Hoàng Hải Yến - BTCEIU21126
Nguyễn Thị Hoài Ngân - BTCEIU21101
Vũ Thị Phương Thanh - BTCEIU21116
Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Khang-
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T
• Introduction • Gibb-Duhem relation

• Maxwell relation • Phase diagram

• Clausius-Clapeyron • Corresponding states


equation
INTRODUCTION:
• Maxwell relations:
⚬ show how different thermodynamic properties are related to each other

• Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
⚬ helps understand how P and T affect phase changes

• Gibbs-Duhem relation:
⚬ explains how the composition of a mixture affects its overall properties

• Phase diagrams:
⚬ show the different phases of a substance under various conditions of T and P
⚬ visualize how substances transition between phases

• Corresponding states:
⚬ tell that gases behave similarly under equivalent conditions of reduced T and
MAXWELL
RELATIONS
Definition:
• Consist of equations within
thermodynamics that can be obtained
from the symmetry of second
derivatives and the definitions of
thermodynamic potentials

• Consists of internal energy U, enthalpy


H, Helmholtz free energy F, and Gibbs
free energy G, entropy S, pressure P,
volume V, and temperature T
MAXWELL
RELATIONS
Equations
:
MAXWELL
RELATIONS

Derivations
MAXWELL
RELATIONS
Applications:
• Material science:
⚬ Facilitate the development and
selection of materials for different
purposes
• Meteorology:
⚬ Develop accurate weather prediction
• Physical chemistry:
⚬ development of new chemicals and
materials
⚬ innovations in various technological
applications
MAXWELL
RELATIONS
Sample question and answer:

Find the entropy change of a reversible, isothermal


expansion of an ideal gas?
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
1 A fundamental thermodynamic
equation that establishes a
relationship between the vapor
pressures(P) of a substance at
two different temperatures (T)

2 It is named after Rudolf


Clausius and Benoît Paul
Émile Clapeyron
Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION:

• How to derive the equation:


• Thermodynamic square
+ Gibbs Free energy
+ Enthalpy change
• Ideal gas equation
Clausius-Clapeyron
equation: Application

Industrial Processes: distillation


Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
Exercise
A tower operator on a mountain (3. sig) is attempted to measure his
current height on the mountain, the pressure on sea level is 101,3 kPa
and water is boiled at 100'C, on the mountain, when boiled 98’C, he
check his physical chemistry 1 note to see:
-The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
-The enthalpy of vaporization for water : 40,7 kj/mol
-The Change in pressure drop per height is 1.2 kilo pascal per
Kilometer
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION
Definition:

Fundamental thermodynamic equation that relates the


partial derivatives of intensive properties in a multi-
component system.
It states that the sum of the products of the intensive
property and its corresponding mole fraction is equal to
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION
Equation:
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION

Derivations
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION
Applications:

Surface Chemistry:
• Applicable in surface chemistry
• Behavior of adsorbates on surfaces.
• Changes in temperature and pressure
affect the surface coverage and
adsorption equilibrium.
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION
Applications:
Chemical Reactions:
• Changes in temperature and pressure affect the
equilibrium composition of the reaction mixture.
• Prediction of how concentrations change with
temperature and pressure.
Thermodynamic Modeling:
• Constrain the thermodynamic properties of the
system.
GIBB-DUHEM RELATION
Sample question and answer:

Molar composition of a mixture of P and Q at


equilibrium is 3∶1 (P∶Q). A small disturbance in
composition results in change of chemical potential
of P by 10 J/mol. How much will the chemical
potential of Q change (in J/mol) ?
Phase Diagrams
Defi nition:
Matter exists chiefly in four forms: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The
conversion of matter from one state to another is called a phase change.

A phase is a form in which a substance exists.

This process occurs when a large amount of energy is gained or lost.


Phase change also depends on factors like pressure and temperature.

Each form of matter has unique properties including specific heats, melting
points, and boiling points. Under certain conditions, different phases can
coexist.
PHASE DIAGRAMS:

Diagram showing
the change in
phase and
temperature for
water
PHASE DIAGRAMS:

Phase changes
for Carbon
Dioxide ( CO2)
Application:
Water is heated to generate high-pressure steam, which
POWER
spins turbines
GENERATION:
The phase change of water from liquid to gas

The tempering process of steel involves controlled heating


MATERIAL
and cooling
SCIENCE
The phase change of steel from solid to liquid

Store thermal energy when melting or vaporizing, which


PHASE CHANGE
can be released back when the material is cooled again.
MATERIALS (PCMS)
The phase change of energy from solid to liquid
PHASE DIAGRAMS:
Sample
question and
answer:

Question: Would a
wire regelate
through a block of
dry ice (solid CO2) ?
Why or why not?
Explain using phase
diagram of CO2.
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Principle of corresponding state:

All fluids, when compared at the same reduced


temperature and reduced pressure

have approximately the same compressibility


factor, and all deviate from ideal-gas behavior to
about the same degree.
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Equations:

PR : the reduced pressure


TR : the reduced temperature
Pcr, Tcr : are the critical constants of the gas
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Equations:
The compressibility factor Z, defined as:

It can also be expressed as:


where Uideal = RP/T
CORRESPONDING STATE:

The farther away Z is from unity, the more the


gas deviates from ideal-gas behavior.
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Comparison of Z factors for various gases.

Source: Gour-Jen Su, “Modified Law of Corresponding States,” Ind.


Eng. Chem. (international ed.) 38 (1946), p. 803.
CORRESPONDING STATE:
The observations:
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Application:
Single-Phase Systems:
• Predicting Behavior
(gas/liquid/solid) based on a
reduced state
• Optimizing Processes: predict
how steam behaves at high
pressures and temperatures
-> design efficient turbines &
improve power plant efficiency.
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Application:
Multi-Phase Systems:
Understand overall behavior of mixtures
at critical points.
• Oil & Gas Production: Predict flow
of mixtures (oil/gas/water) in
pipelines
-> optimize flow and prevent
blockages.
• Weather Forecasting: Help forecast
CORRESPONDING STATE:
Sample question:
Tha nk s
for
nin g

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