Engineering Statistics

Dr. Mohamad Kharseh

Office: G 342
mohamad.kharseh@aurak.ac.ae
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Course Feedback Survey

 At the end of each lecture, you will be able to share your thoughts on the co
urse via:
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Lec. 6: Learning outcomes

 Examples on Visualizing Event

 Rules for counting the number of possible outcomes

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Example 1

 Amongst a group of 20 students, 7 students are taking Math, 3 are taking both (Math and
Biology), and 5 students are taking neither.

1. What is the probability that a randomly chosen student is taking Biology?

2. What is the probability that a randomly chosen student is taking Math or Biology?
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Solution

1. The number of students taking Biology but not

Math is:
20-4-3-5=8
So, P(Biology ) =(3+8)/20 = 11/20
2. P(Math or Biology) = (4+3+8)/20 = 15/20
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Example 2
 A and B are 2 events such where that P(A)=0.5, P(B) =0.7 and P(

 Draw a Venn diagram and use it to find 𝑃 ( A ∩ B)

Solution:

P(A) =0.5
Let P(

P(B) =0.7

Probability of not A and nor B =P(

What's Next?
Total probability =1
(0.7-X) + (0.5-X) + X + 0.1 =1
1.3 – X =1
X = 0.3 = P(
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In Class Assignment : Quiz 1 (2024) Problem 3

Suppose you are managing a laboratory with 15 electronic devices, 6 of which are computers and 8
are printers. Among these devices, 3 devices can function both as computers and printers.

(a) What is the probability of randomly selecting a device that is either a computer or a printer?

(b) What is the probability of randomly selecting a device that is either a computer or a printer, but
not both?

(c) What is the probability of randomly selecting a device that is neither a computer nor a printer?
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Solution

(a) We want to find P(C or P)

P( C or P ) = P(C) + P(P) – P(C and P)

=(6/15) +(8/15)-(3/15) = 11/15

(b) We want to find P(C or P) but not (C and P) means just P(C) + P(P)

= [P(C) + P(P) – P(C and P)]- P(C and P)

=((6/15) +(8/15)-(3/15))-(3/15)= 8/15

(C) P(C’ or P’)=4/15

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Example 3

Events A and B are such that P(B) =1/2, and P(A or B)=5/8, and P(A and B)=1/8.

Find P(A).

 Solution

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

5/8=P(A)+1/2-1/8

P(A)=2/8=1/4
Example 4
A and B are two events such that
P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.5 and the P(A or B)=0.55.
Find the probabilities of the following events:
1. P(A and B)
2. P(B’)
3. P(A’ ∩ B)

A and B are two events such that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.5 and the P(A or B)=0.55

1. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) S

0.55 = 0.3 + 0.5 – P(A∩B) A B

.25
P(A∩B) = 0.25 .05 .25
The Venn Diagram is:
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Solution
S
2. P(B’)?
A B
 P(B’) = 1 – P(B)
.25
.05 .25
 P(B’) = 1 - 0.5
 P(B’) = 0.5 .45

 Or can use the Venn diagram

S
3. P(A’∩B)?
A B
Use the Venn diagram
.25
The region when A’ intersects B, is B only. .05 .25

Therefore, P(A’∩B) = 0.25 .45

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Rules for counting the number of possible outcomes

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Counting Rule 1: The Multiplication Rule

 If an experiment is performed in two independent stages (i.e., mutually exclusive event),

with k1 ways to accomplish the first stage and k2 ways to accomplish the second stage, then

there are k1.k2 ways to accomplish the experiment.

 Example: Toss two coins. The total number of simple events is:

22 
 22 == 44
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Counting Rule 1: The Multiplication Rule

 This rule is easily extended to n stages, with k1 ways on the first trial, k2 ways on the second

trial, …and kn ways on the nth trial, the number of possible outcomes is:

 Total number of outcomes=(Number of choices for Stage 1)×(Number of choices for Stage
2)×…×(Number of choices for Stage n)
(k1)⸳(k2)⸳…⸳(kn)
 Example
o You want to go to a park, eat at a restaurant, and see a movie. There are 3 parks, 4 restaurants,
and 6 movie choices. How many different possible combinations are there?
 Answer: (3)(4)(6) = 72 different possibilities
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Example: from Lec.5

 What is the possible number of having three children.

o How many stage?
o How many possible ways to accomplish each stage?
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Solution
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Example: Digital Lock

 Example:

How many 3-digit lock combinations can we make from the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,…,9?
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Example: Creating a Password

 You need to create a password that consists of 4 characters, where:

o The first character must be a letter (26 options: A–Z).
o The second character must be a digit (10 options: 0–9).
o The third and fourth characters must also be digits (10 options each).

 Solution

Total outcomes=26×10×10×10=26,000
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Example: Car Plates

 calculate the number of car plates that can be generated with 5 digits

 calculate the number of car plates that can be generated with 1 letter and 5 digits

 Solution:
o There are 26 possible letters (A-Z).
o Each of the 5 digits can be any number from 0 to 9, giving us 10 possible digits for each position.
 26×10×10×10×10×10=2,600,000
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Example: Two Dice

Assume you are rolling two dice, a green and a red one. What is the probability of getting at
least one dice showing number 1?

 Solution

Your events are as follows

o A: red die show 1
o B: green die show 1
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)
= 6/36 + 6/36 – 1/36
= 11/36
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Counting Rule 2: kn Rule

 If an experiment is performed in n stages, with k ways to accomplish each stage, the

number of possible outcomes is equal to

kn

 Example
o See Assignment 4 (the gender of three children in a family)
o Find the sample space for rolling two dice.
o If you roll a die 3 times, then there are 6 3 = 216 possible outcomes
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Example: Rollin Two Dice

 Find the sample space for rolling two dice.

 The sample space is 6 • 6 or 36 equally likely outcomes

 Note the same numbers, different order

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Counting Rule 3: n! Rule

 The number of ways that n items can be arranged in different order is

n! = (n)(n – 1)…(1)

 Example
o You have three cards, A, B, and C. How many different ways can these cards be arranged

o You have five books to put on a bookshelf. How many different ways can these
books be placed on the shelf? On Excel =
FACT(5)=120
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Example

Suppose a photographer must arrange 4 persons in a row for a photograph. In how many ways
can the arrangement be done?

 Solution:

n! = 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 ways.
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Counting Rule 4: Permutations Rule

 The order of the choice is important

 The number of ways of arranging r objects selected from n objects (r ≤ n) in order is:

nn! n = total number of objects

P  r r = number of objects selected
(n  r )!
where n!n(n  1)( n  2)...( 2)(1) and 0!1.

 Example:

How many 3-digit lock combinations can we make from the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,…,9 if the
repetition is not allowed? On Excel =
PERMUT(10,3)=720
 Solution:
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Example

You have five books and are going to put three on a bookshelf.

How many ways can the books be ordered on the bookshelf?

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Example

A device consists of five parts and can be assembled in any order. A quality control engineer
wants to test each order for the efficiency of assembly.

How many orders are there?

 Solution:

The order of the choice is important:

55!
P  5(4)(3)( 2)(1) 120
5
0!
Example from Lec. 5

 A bowl contains three M&Ms®, one red, one blue, and one green. A child selects two
M&Ms at random. What is the probability that at least one is red?

1st selection 2nd selection Ei P(Ei)

1/6

1/6 P(at
P(atleast
least11red)
red)
==P(RB)
P(RB)++P(BR)+
P(BR)+P(RG)
P(RG)++P(GR)
P(GR)
1/6
==4/6
4/6==2/3
2/3
1/6

1/6

1/6
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Solution

 Total Possible Outcomes: Since the order matters, the total number of ways to select 2 balls
from the 3 can be calculated as 3 3!
𝑃2= =6
1!
 Favorable Outcomes
1. Case 1: Red comes first: 1*2
2. Case 2: Red comes second: 2*1

 Total Favorable Outcomes: 2+2=4

 The probability of selecting exactly one red ball is:

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Example

A box contains six M&Ms®, four red and two green. A child selects two M&Ms at random.
What is the probability that exactly one is red?

 Solution:

The order of the choice is not important.

P(exactly one red) = 8/15

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Solution

 Total Possible Outcomes: Since the order matters, the total number of ways to select 2
m&ms from the 6 can be calculated as6 6!
𝑃2= =30
4!
 Favorable Outcomes
1. Case 1: Red comes first: 4*2=8
2. Case 2: Red comes second: 2*4=8

 Total Favorable Outcomes: 8+8=16

 The probability of selecting exactly one red ball is:

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Counting Rule 5: Combinations Rule

 The order of the choice is not important

 The number of ways of selecting r objects from n distinct objects is:

n n!
C r
 Example: r!(n  r )!
Three members of a 5-person committee must be chosen to form a subcommittee.
On Excel
How many different subcommittees could be formed? =COMBIN(5,3)=10

5 5! 5(4)(3)( 2)1 5(4)

C 3   10
3!(5  3)! 3(2)(1)( 2)1 (2)1
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Permutation and Combination

 The difference between permutation and combination is that in combination the order of
objects being selected is not important, but the order matters in permutation

 For example, abc, bac, acb, cab, cba are six different permutations but they are the same
combination.
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Example

 In how many ways can 10 people be seated on a bench if only 4 seats are available?
 Solution:
=PERMUT(10,4)=5040

 You have 12 books on your bookshelf and want to choose 3 to take on vacation. How many
different sets of books can you choose?
 Solution:
=COMBIN(12,3)=220
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Example: from Lec.5

 What is the probability of having two boys in a family of three children.

 What is the probability of having exactly one boy?

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Solution
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Example: Probability of Selecting a Winning Code

 A competition requires participants to enter a 4-digit security code, where each digit is
between 0 and 9.If a participant randomly guesses the code, what is the probability of
entering the correct one?
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Example: Probability of Drawing at Least One Red Ball

 A box contains 4 red balls and 3 blue balls. If two balls are drawn randomly, what is the
probability that at least one is red?
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Example: Probability of a 5-Card with All Hearts

 A standard deck of 52 playing cards has 13 hearts. If a 5-card poker hand is drawn
randomly, what is the probability that all 5 cards are hearts?
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Example: Probability of a Specific License Plate

 A license plate consists of 3 letters followed by 3 digits. Each letter is chosen from A–Z,
and each digit is chosen from 0–9. If letters and digits can be repeated:

1. what is the probability of randomly generating the specific plate “ABC123”?

2. what is the probability of randomly generating plates contain only A, B, C, 1, 2, and 3?

Thank You…

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