CCW331-BUSINESS ANALYTICS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ANALYTICS

Analytics and Data Science – Analytics Life Cycle -Types of Analytics –

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 Definition
Business Analytics is the process of
transforming data into insights to improve
business decisions.
Data management, data visualization,
predictive modelling, data mining, forecasting
simulation, and optimization are some of the
tools used to create insights from data.

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 Scope of Business Analytics
 Business analytics has a wide range of application
and usages.
 It can be used for descriptive analysis in which data is
utilized to understand past and present situation.
 This kind of descriptive analysis is used to assess current
market position of the company and effectiveness of
previous business decision.
 It is used for predictive analysis, which is typical used to
assess previous business performance.
 Business analytics is also used for prescriptive analysis,
which is utilized to formulate optimization techniques for
stronger business performance.
 For example, business analytics is used to determine
pricing of various products in a departmental store based
past and present set of information.
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 How business analytics works
Before any data analysis takes place, BA
starts with several foundational processes:
Determine the business goal of the
analysis.
Select an analysis methodology.
Get business data to support the analysis,
often from various systems and sources.
Cleanse and integrate data into a single
repository, such as a data warehouse or
data mart.

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 Essentials of business
analytics
 Business analytics has many use cases, but when it comes to
commercial organizations, BA is typically used to:
 Analyze data from a variety of sources. This could be
anything from cloud applications to marketing automation
tools and CRM software.
 Use advanced analytics and statistics to find patterns within
datasets.
 These patterns can help you predict trends in the future
and access new insights about the consumer and their
behavior.
 Monitor KPIs and trends as they change in real-time.
 This makes it easy for businesses to not only have their data
in one place but to also come to conclusions quickly and
accurately.
 Support decisions based on the most current information.

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 Data for Analytics
Business analytics uses data from three
sources for construction of the business
model.
It uses business data such as annual
reports, financial ratios, marketing
research, etc.
It uses the database which contains various
computer files and information coming from
data analysis.

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 Benefits of BA in an
organization
Accurately transferring information.
Consequent improvement in efficiency.
Help for Future Challenges.
Make Strategic decisions.
Reduction in Costs.
Improved Decisions.
Share information with a larger audience.
Ease in Sharing information with
stakeholders.

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 Challenges
Following are the challenges in implementing
business analytics in an organization.
Lack of technical skills in employees.
Data Security and Maintenance.
Integrity of Data.
Delivering relevant information in the given time.
Inability to address complex issues.
Costs involved in implementing BA.
Investment of staff time in implementation of BA.
Lack of a proper strategy to implement BA.

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 Business Analytics
 Business analytics is the process of analyzing the business
activities (or)transactions of any organization.
Following are the key roles of business analytics:
 User:
The user is an employee of the business organization who is
using business analytics to find solutions to certain problem.
 Database Administrator:
 He is the person who is responsible for maintaining the
database within the organization.
 He is assigned the responsibility of collecting,
maintaining and ensuring the security of the data.
 Data Scientist:
He is an expert in analytics & provide input to the analytics
team. He ensure that the analytics objectives are met.

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 Data Engineer:
He is a person responsible for executing the
actual data extraction & data manipulations.
The data engineer transforms the data into a
meaningful form to be used subsequently by
the data scientist.

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 Business Analytics Life
Cycle
The business analytics life cycle is a
scientific process that contains some fixed
procedural steps. Following are the steps in
business Analytic Lifecycle.
Step 1:Understanding the Business problem.
Step 2:Designing the data requirement.
Step 3:Data Preparation.
Step 4:Data analysis &modeling.
Step 5:Result preparation.
Step 6:Deployment of results.

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 Understanding the business problem:
 The main objective of the stage is to
understand the problem & convert it into an
analytics problem.
 The scope of the project is identified, keeping in
mind the resources available in terms of the
data, manpower & time etc.
 The analytics team is ready with an initial
hypothesis and has listed its data requirements.
 Example: A retail company wants to predict customer
churn to improve retention strategies.

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 Designing data requirements:
 In this stage, the data required for the analysis is
specified.
 The data sources can be internal (or)external.
 The internal data is stored in the firm’s Database.
 The external data is provided by the third party
vendors.
 Identify relevant data sources (internal databases,
external APIs, surveys, etc.).
 Determine the type of data needed
(structured/unstructured, historical/real-time).
 Define key metrics and attributes that influence the
business problem.
 Example: Customer demographics, purchase history,
feedback, and engagement levels for churn
prediction.
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  Data preparation:
 The data before it is used for data analytics needs to
be put in the right format.
 The operations like data cleansing, data aggregation &
data augmenting are performed.
 Data cleansing- removes the data of errors like
misrepresentation , incorrect data (or) invalid data.
 Data aggregation- means bringing together the data
from various sources in one place.
 Data augmentation – adds value to the data by
adding information available from internal & external
sources of data.
 Example: Creating a feature that tracks the
frequency of purchases over time.
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  Data analysis & Modeling:
 Perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) to identify
trends and patterns.
 Apply statistical techniques or machine learning
models for prediction/classification.
 Train, test, and validate models using appropriate
performance metrics.
 In this stage ,the data analytics techniques are used on
the data.
 There are two types of techniques will be used.
i)confirmatory analysis ii)exploratory analysis.
 The confirmatory analysis uses deductive approach
(starts the analysis by proposing a solution to the
problem & framing a hypothesis)
 The exploratory data analysis uses an inductive
approach. The process starts with analyzing large
volumes of data without any assumptions.
 Example: Using logistic regression or decision trees to
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classify customers as likely or unlikely to churn.
 Result preparation:
 Result can be presented in multiple ways each
having their own implications.
 The presentation of results is done keeping in
mind the objective identified in the beginning.
 Interpret model outputs and translate them into
actionable business insights.
 Visualize findings using dashboards, reports, or
charts for easy understanding.
 Conduct A/B testing or sensitivity analysis to
validate results.
 Example: A dashboard showing high-risk
customers based on predictive modeling.
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 Deployment of results:
 The results of the analysis are now applied to the problem
at hand & help.
 Achieve the objective analysis.
 The finding of data analytics servers as an input to various
enterprise system that help the managers in decision
making.
 Integrate the model into business operations or decision-
support systems.
 Automate model execution if required (e.g., real-time churn
alerts).
 Monitor model performance and update it as needed.
 Example: Deploying a recommendation system to offer
personalized discounts to high-risk customers.
 Business Analytics is the process by which businesses use
statistical methods and technologies for analyzing data in
order to gain insights and improve their strategic decision-
making.
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 Types of Business Analytics
 There are mainly four types of Business
Analytics, each of these types are increasingly
complex.
 They allow us to be closer to achieving real-
time and future situation insight application.
Descriptive Analytics
Diagnostic Analytics
Predictive Analytics
Prescriptive Analytics

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 Descriptive Analytics
 It summarizes an organization's existing data to
understand what has happened in the past or is
happening currently.
 Descriptive Analytics is the simplest form of
analytics as it employs data aggregation and
mining techniques.
 It makes data more accessible to members of an
organization such as the investors, shareholders,
marketing executives, and sales managers.
 It can help identify strengths and weaknesses and
provides an insight into customer behavior too.
 This helps in forming strategies that can be
developed in the area of targeted marketing.

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 Diagnostic Analytics
This type of Analytics helps shift focus from past
performance to the current events and
determine which factors are influencing trends.
To uncover the root cause of events, techniques
such as data discovery, data mining and drill-
down are employed.
Diagnostic analytics makes use of probabilities,
and likelihoods to understand why events may
occur.
Techniques such as sensitivity analysis and
training algorithms are employed for
classification and regression.
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 Predictive Analytics
 This type of Analytics is used to forecast the possibility
of a future event with the help of statistical models and
ML techniques.
 It builds on the result of descriptive analytics to devise
models to extrapolate the likelihood of items.
 To run predictive analysis, Machine Learning experts are
employed. They can achieve a higher level of accuracy
than by business intelligence alone.
 One of the most common applications is sentiment
analysis.
 Here, existing data collected from social media and is
used to provide a comprehensive picture of an users
opinion. This data is analyzed to predict their sentiment
(positive, neutral or negative).

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 Prescriptive Analytics
Going a step beyond predictive analytics, it
provides recommendations for the next best action
to be taken.
It suggests all favorable outcomes according to a
specific course of action and also recommends the
specific actions needed to deliver the most desired
result.
It mainly relies on two things, a strong feedback
system and a constant iterative analysis.
It learns the relation between actions and their
outcomes.
One common use of this type of analytics is to
create recommendation systems.
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 Data Collection
Data collection is the process of acquiring,
collecting, extracting, and storing the
voluminous amount of data which may be
in the structured or unstructured form like
text, video, audio, XML files, records, or
other image files used in later stages of
data analysis.
In the process of big data analysis, “Data
collection” is the initial step before starting
to analyze the patterns or useful
information in data.
The data which is to be analyzed must be
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collected from different valid sources.
 The actual data is then further divided
mainly into two types known as:
Primary data
Secondary data

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 Primary data:
The data which is Raw, original, and
extracted directly from the official sources
is known as primary data.
This type of data is collected directly by
performing techniques such as
questionnaires, interviews, and surveys.
The data collected must be according to
the demand and requirements of the target
audience on which analysis is performed
otherwise it would be a burden in the data
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processing.

 Interview method:
The data collected during this process is through
interviewing the target audience by a person
called interviewer and the person who answers
the interview is known as the interviewee.
Some basic business or product related
questions are asked and noted down in the form
of notes, audio, or video and this data is stored
for processing.
These can be both structured and unstructured
like personal interviews or formal interviews
through telephone, face to face, email, etc.

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 Survey method:
The survey method is the process of research
where a list of relevant questions are asked and
answers are noted down in the form of text,
audio, or video.
The survey method can be obtained in both
online and offline mode like through website
forms and email.
Then that survey answers are stored for
analyzing data.
Examples are online surveys or surveys through
social media polls.
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 Observation method:
The observation method is a method of data
collection in which the researcher keenly
observes the behavior and practices of the
target audience using some data collecting tool
and stores the observed data in the form of text,
audio, video, or any raw formats.
In this method, the data is collected directly by
posting a few questions on the participants.
For example, observing a group of customers and
their behavior towards the products.
The data obtained will be sent for processing.

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 Questionnaires.
Questionnaires are a simple,
straightforward data collection method.
Respondents get a series of questions,
either open or close-ended, related to the
matter at hand.

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 Secondary data:
Secondary data is the data which has
already been collected and reused again
for some valid purpose.
This type of data is previously recorded
from primary data and it has two types
of sources named internal source and
external source.

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 Internal source:
 These types of data can easily be found within the
organization such as market record, a sales record,
transactions, customer data, accounting resources,
etc.
 The cost and time consumption is less in obtaining internal
sources.
 Financial Statements
 Sales Reports
 Retailer/Distributor/Deal Feedback
 Customer Personal Information (e.g., name, address, age, contact
info)
 Business Journals
 Government Records (e.g., census, tax records, Social Security info)
 Trade/Business Magazines
 The internet
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 External source:
The data which can’t be found at internal
organizations and can be gained through
external third party resources is external source
data.
The cost and time consumption is more because
this contains a huge amount of data.
Examples of external sources are Government
publications, news publications, Registrar
General of India, planning commission,
international labor bureau, syndicate services,
and other non-governmental publications.
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 Other sources:
 Sensors data: With the advancement of IoT devices,
the sensors of these devices collect data which can
be used for sensor data analytics to track the
performance and usage of products.
 Satellites data: Satellites collect a lot of images and
data in terabytes on daily basis through surveillance
cameras which can be used to collect useful
information.
 Web traffic: Due to fast and cheap internet facilities
many formats of data Which is uploaded by users
on different platforms can be predicted and
collected with their permission for data analysis.
 The search engines also provide their data through
keywords and queries searched mostly.

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 Data Collection Tools
Word Association. The researcher gives the
respondent a set of words and asks them what
comes to mind when they hear each word.
Sentence Completion. Researchers use
sentence completion to understand what kind
of ideas the respondent has. This tool involves
giving an incomplete sentence and seeing how
the interviewee finishes it.
Role-Playing. Respondents are presented with
an imaginary situation and asked how they
would act or react if it was real.
In-Person Surveys. The researcher asks
questions in person.
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  Online/Web Surveys.
 These surveys are easy to accomplish, but some users
may be unwilling to answer truthfully, if at all.
 Mobile Surveys.
 These surveys take advantage of the increasing
proliferation of mobile technology. Mobile collection
surveys rely on mobile devices like tablets or smart
phones to conduct surveys via SMS or mobile apps.
 Phone Surveys.
 No researcher can call thousands of people at once, so
they need a third party to handle the chore. However,
many people have call screening and won’t answer.
 Observation.
 Sometimes, the simplest method is the best. Researchers
who make direct observations collect data quickly and
easily, with little intrusion or third-party bias. Naturally,
it’s only effective in small-scale situations.
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 Data Management
Data management refers to the
professional practice of constructing and
maintaining a framework for storing,
mining, and archiving the data integral
to a modern business.
Data management is the spine that
connects all segments of the information
lifecycle.

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 Data Preparation
 Data preparation is about constructing a dataset from
one or more data sources to be used for exploration
and modeling.
 It is a solid practice to start with an initial dataset to
get familiar with the data, to discover first insights into
the data and have a good understanding of any
possible data quality issues.
 Data preparation is often a time consuming process
and heavily prone to errors.
 Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for
such problems can produce highly misleading results.
 Then, the success of data science projects heavily
depends on the quality of the prepared data.

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 Data
Data is information typically the results of
measurement (numerical) or counting (categorical).
Variables serve as placeholders for data. There are two
types of variables, numerical and categorical.
A numerical or continuous variable is one that can
accept any value within a finite or infinite interval
(e.g., height, weight, temperature).
There are two types of numerical data, interval and
ratio.
Data on an interval scale can be added and subtracted.
On the other hand, data on a ratio scale has true zero
and can be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
(e.g., weight).

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 A categorical or discrete variable is one
that can accept two or more values
(categories).
There are two types of categorical data,
nominal and ordinal.
Nominal data. For example, "gender" with
two categories, male and female.
In contrast, ordinal data. For example,
"level of energy" with three orderly
categories (low, medium and high).

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 HYPOTHESIS GENERATION
Hypothesis generation focuses on how
knowledge is activated about plausible
hypotheses which should be
considered during hypothesis
evaluation—the calling to mind of possible
hypotheses.
A hypothesis is a potential explanation or
conclusion that is to be tested by collecting
and presenting evidence.

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 Example

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 Questions

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 MODELING
A Business Model can be defined as a
representation of a business or solution that
often include a graphic component along
with supporting text and relationships to
other components.
Business Model is a structured model, just
like a blueprint for the final product to be
developed.
It gives structure and dynamics for planning.
It also provides the foundation for the final
product.
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 Purpose of Business Modeling
Business modeling is used to design
current and future state of an enterprise.
This model is used by the Business Analyst
and the stakeholders to ensure that they
have an accurate understanding of the
current “As-Is” model of the enterprise.
It is used to verify if, stakeholders have a
shared understanding of the proposed “To-
be” of the solution.

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 Analyzing requirements is a part of
business modeling process and it forms the
core focus area.
Functional Requirements are gathered
during the “Current state”.
These requirements are provided by the
stakeholders regarding the business
processes, data, and business rules that
describe the desired functionality which will
be designed in the Future State.

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 Performing GAP Analysis
After defining the business needs, the
current state (e.g. current business
processes, business functions, features of a
current system and services/products
offered and events that the system must
respond to) must be identified to
understand how people, processes and
technology, structure and architecture are
supporting the business by seeking input
from IT staff and other related stakeholders
including business owners.

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 Guiding Principles for Business
Modeling
 The primary role of business modeling is mostly during
inception stage and elaboration stages of project and it
fades during the construction and transitioning stage.
 It is mostly to do with analytical aspects of business
combined with technical mapping of the application or
software solution.
 Domain and User variation − Developing a business
model will frequently reveal areas of disagreement or
confusion between stakeholders. The Business Analyst
will need to document the following variations in the as-
is model.
 Multiple work units perform the same function −
Document the variances in the AS-IS model. This may
be different divisions or geographies.

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 Multiples users perform the same work −
Different stakeholders may do similar work differently.
The variation may be the result of different skill sets
and approaches of different business units or the
result of differing needs of external stakeholders
serviced by the enterprise. Document the variances in
the AS-IS model.
Resolution Mechanism − The Business Analyst
should document whether the To Be solution will
accommodate the inconsistencies in the current
business model or whether the solution will require
standardization. Stakeholders need to determine
which approach to follow. The To-Be model will reflect
their decision.
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 Nine essential business analysis
models
Activity diagrams
An activity diagram is a type of UML
behavioral diagram that describes what
needs to happen in a system. They are
particularly useful for communicating
process and procedure to stakeholders from
both the business and development teams.
A BA might use a UML diagram tool like
Lucid chart to create an activity diagram to
map the process of logging in to a website
or completing a transaction like
withdrawing or depositing money.
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 Feature mind maps
Business diagrams aren’t just for late-stage
analysis or documentation.
They are also useful during a project’s
initial brainstorming phase.
Feature mind maps help BAs organize the
sometimes messy brainstorm process so
that ideas, concerns, and requests are
clearly captured and categorized.
This visual ensures initial details and ideas
don’t fall through the cracks so you can
make informed decisions about project
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direction, goals, and scope down the line.
 Product roadmaps
A product (or feature) roadmap outlines the
development and launches of a product and its
features.
They are a focused analysis of a product’s evolution,
which helps developers and other stakeholders
focus on initiatives that add direct value to the user.
The beauty of product roadmaps lies in their
flexibility and range of applications.
BAs can create different product roadmaps to
illustrate different information, including:
 Maintenance and bug fixes
 Feature releases
 High-level strategic product goals

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 Organizational charts
An organizational chart outlines the
hierarchy of a business or one of its
departments or teams.
They are especially helpful reference charts
for employees to quickly understand how
the company is organized and identify key
stakeholders and points of contact for
projects or queries.

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 SWOT analysis
The SWOT analysis is a fundamental tool in a
BA. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
A SWOT analysis evaluates a business’s
strengths and weaknesses and identifies any
opportunities or threats to that business.
SWOT analysis helps stakeholders make
strategic decisions regarding their business.
The goal is to capitalize on strengths and
opportunities while reducing the impact of
internal or external threats and weaknesses.

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 User interface wireframe
Another essential business diagram is the
UI wireframe.
Software development teams use
wireframes (also called mockups or
prototypes) to visually outline and design a
layout for a specific screen.
In other words, wireframes are the
blueprints for a website or software
program.
They help stakeholders assess navigational
needs and experience for a successful
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practical application.
 Process flow diagram
A process flow diagram (PFD) is typically
used in chemical and process engineering
to identify the basic flow of plant processes,
but it can also be used in other fields to
help stakeholders understand how their
organization operates.
A PFD is best used to:
Document a process.
Study a process to make changes or
improvements.
Improve understanding and communication
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 PESTLE analysis
A PESTLE analysis
(Political,Economic,SocialLogical,Technological,Legal,Environm
ental) often goes hand-in-hand with a SWOT analysis.
 PESTLE evaluates external factors that could impact business
performance.
 This acronym stands for six elements affecting business:
political, economic, technological, environmental, legal, and
sociological.
 PESTLE analysis assesses the possible factors within each
category, as well as their potential impact, duration of effect,
type of impact (i.e., negative or positive), and level of
importance.
 This type of business analysis helps stakeholders manage risk,
strategically plan and review business goals and performance,
and potentially gain an advantage over competitors.

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 ER Diagram
 An entity-relationship diagram (ER diagram) illustrates
how entities (e.g., people, objects, or concepts) relate
to one another in a system. For example, a logical ER
diagram visually shows how the terms in an
organization’s business glossary relate to one another.
 Entities
 Relationships
 Attributes
 Attributes apply to the entities, describing further
details about the concept. Relationships are where the
key insights from ER diagrams arise. In a visual model,
the relationships between entities are illustrated
either numerically or via crow’s foot notation.

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 VALIDATION AND EVALUATION
 Model validation is defined within regulatory guidance as
“the set of processes and activities intended to verify that
models are performing as expected, in line with their design
objectives, and business uses.”
 It also identifies “potential limitations and assumptions, and
assesses their possible impact.”
 Generally, validation activities are performed by individuals
independent of model development or use.
 Models, therefore, should not be validated by their owners as
they can be highly technical, and some institutions may find
it difficult to assemble a model risk team that has sufficient
functional and technical expertise to carry out independent
validation.
 When faced with this obstacle, institutions often outsource
the validation task to third parties.

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 Four Elements
Conceptual Design
System Validation
Data Validation and Quality Assessment
Process Validation

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 Model Evaluation
Model Evaluation is an integral part of the model
development process.
It helps to find the best model that represents our
data and how well the chosen model will work in the
future.
Evaluating model performance with the data used for
training is not acceptable in data science because it
can easily generate over optimistic and over fitted
models.
There are two methods of evaluating models in data
science, Hold-Out and Cross-Validation.
To avoid overfitting, both methods use a test set (not
seen by the model) to evaluate model performance.

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  Hold-Out: In this method, the mostly large dataset is
randomly divided to three subsets:
 Training set is a subset of the dataset used to build
predictive models.
 Validation set is a subset of the dataset used to assess
the performance of model built in the training phase. It
provides a test platform for fine tuning model’s
parameters and selecting the best-performing model. Not
all modelling algorithms need a validation set.
 Test set or unseen examples is a subset of the
dataset to assess the likely future performance of a
model. If a model fit to the training set much better than
it fits the test set, overfitting is probably the cause.

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 Cross-Validation: When only a limited
amount of data is available, to achieve an
unbiased estimate of the model
performance we use k-fold cross-validation.
In k- fold cross-validation, we divide the
data into k subsets of equal size. We build
models k times, each time leaving out
one of the subsets from training and use it
as the test set. If k equals the sample size,
this is called “leave-one-out”.
Model evaluation can be divided to two
sections:
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Classification Evaluation
 Interpretation
Data interpretation is the process of reviewing
data and drawing meaningful conclusions using
a variety of analytical approaches.
Data interpretation aids researchers in
categorizing, manipulating, and summarizing
data in order to make sound business
decisions.
The end goal for a data interpretation project is
to develop a good marketing strategy or to
expand its client user base.
There are certain steps followed to conduct
data interpretation:
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  Putting together the data you’ll need( neglecting irrelevant
data)
 Developing the initial research or identifying the most
important inputs;
 Sorting and filtering of data.
 Forming conclusions on the data.
 Developing recommendations or practical solutions
 People should really be aware of the various problems in this
procedure in order to interpret data correctly. When two
things happen at the same time, it does not mean that one
of them caused the other.
 Finally, data interpretation aids in the improvement of
processes and the identification of issues.
 Without at least some data gathering and analysis, it is
difficult to expand and make consistent changes.
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 Types of data interpretation
 The purpose of data interpretation is to assist individuals in
understanding numerical data that has been gathered,
evaluated, and presented.
 Qualitative data Interpretation
 To evaluate qualitative data, also known as categorical data,
the qualitative data interpretation approach is utilized.
 Words, instead of numbers or patterns, are used to describe data
in this technique.
 Unlike quantitative data, which can be studied immediately after
collecting and sorting it, qualitative data must first be converted
into numbers before being analyzed.
 This is due to the fact that analyzing texts in their original
condition is frequently time-consuming and results in a high
number of mistakes.
 The analyst’s coding should also be defined so that it may be
reused and evaluated by others.

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 Quantitative data
Interpretation
Quantitative data, often known as
numerical data, is analyzed using the
quantitative data interpretation approach.
Because this data type contains numbers,
it is examined using numbers rather than
words.
Quantitative analysis is a collection of
procedures for analyzing numerical data.
It frequently requires the application of
statistical modeling techniques such as
standard deviation, mean, and median.
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 Deployment and iteration
 This simply means making it work in the organization, or
translating the results of a model back to the real world.
 This generally requires providing adequate resources,
motivating employees, eliminating resistance to change,
modifying organizational policies, and developing trust.
 Problems and their solutions affect people: customers,
suppliers, and employees.
 All must be an important part of the problem- solving
process.
 Sensitivity to political and organizational issues is an
important skill that managers and analytical
professionals alike must possess when solving problems.

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 Iterative Process
 The iterative development process is cyclical, which
makes it more flexible.
 Once the rough initial planning is done, the next steps for
each iteration are carried out repeatedly with thorough
testing until the deployment stage.
 Each iterative cycle is tested in the initial stage before
software integration.
 The decision to keep or discard is made at every step.
 This is known as incremental prototyping since the
software is developed step by step.
 The SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) iterative
model allows developers to go back to previous cycles if
anything needs to be changed.
 This process is followed till the final product delivery.

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 Step 1: Planning and Analysis
In the planning stage, the developers and
clients identify software requirements in
accordance with the business and
stakeholders’ requirements.
Since this step will be repeated for the next
iteration, it isn’t necessary to figure out
risks and quality at this stage.
After all the requirements are understood,
an analysis is done to streamline the
development process.

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 Step 2: Design
The design isn’t a very important aspect in
iterative development as compared to
other steps.
However, it makes sense to follow this step
to establish the architecture of the
software.
Here, the design team establishes technical
requirements like services, languages, data
layers, etc.

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  Step 3: Implementation
 In this step, the development team starts writing the
code to build the first version of the software.
 The developers follow the coding guidelines and build
the technical architecture, the database, and the
programs of the first iteration module.
 Step 4: Testing
 In the testing stage, the code is tested for potential bugs.
 During unit testing individual units of codes are tested.
 Integration testing verifies that the units of code function
properly when integrated and a user acceptance test is
done to determine if the system satisfies the user
requirements for that iteration.

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 Step 5: Evaluation
After completion of all the previous steps,
the project team will evaluate the whole
project which will then be handed over to
the client for review.

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 Deploy Business Processes
1. Discover Requirements
The discovery process usually begins when
our business analyst is sent on-site to a
customer’s office for a few days to discuss
their process in detail or can also be done
remotely.
There is often a lot of debate between
different people, teams and departments to
determine how best to standardize the
process.
This typically takes a few hours to a few

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weeks, depending on the needs of the
customer, the availability of customer
 2. Design Processes
Once the initial process discovery session is
complete, our Professional Services Team
analyses your business operations and
recommends best practices to transform
your everyday interactions into well-
defined business processes.
Our Workflow Champions are well-versed in
building data models, creating forms,
designing processes and defining analytics
requirements to meet the ongoing
reporting and compliance needs of your
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enterprise or industry.
 3. Document Processes
After thoroughly reviewing your business
processes, our Professional Services Team
formally documents and diagrams the
recommended business process within the
specific platform for your review and
approval.
The final process is broken down into a
series of actions, decisions and swim lanes
of responsibility so everyone understands
what is supposed to happen by whom and
by when, based on every possible outcome
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in the automated workflow.
 Deploy Improvement
Once your business process has been
approved, our Professional Services Team
builds the necessary forms and fields,
converts the draft diagrams into custom
workflows and tests the process for final
implementation.
The Administrative team works directly to
address any questions and concerns,
troubleshoot any unexpected errors and
ensure that your final workflow is accurate,
easy to use and ready to roll out to your
users.
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