THE WORST

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COMPUTE
R
HARDWAR
Unlocking the Power of Technology: Exploring the
Core Components that Bring Computers to Life.

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Overview of Computer
Hardware
Computer hardware consists of the physical components
that form a computer system. These components
include internal devices such as the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), motherboard, memory (RAM), storage
devices, and external devices like keyboards, monitors,
and printers.
Unlike software, which refers to the programs and
instructions that tell the computer what to do, hardware
provides the actual machinery that executes those
instructions.
Hardware has evolved rapidly over the years, with
modern systems becoming faster, more powerful, and
more compact.
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Classification of
Hardware Components
Computer hardware can be categorized into two main
types: Internal Components and External (Peripheral)
Components.

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
These components are typically These include input devices like
connected to the motherboard keyboards and mice, output
and include the CPU, RAM, devices like monitors and printers,
storage devices (HDD/SSD), GPU, and other peripherals like
and the power supply unit (PSU). external storage, webcams, and
speakers.
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Motherboard(main
board)
A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer or
electronic device. It serves as the central platform that
connects and allows communication between critical
hardware components such as the CPU, RAM, storage
devices, GPU, and peripherals.

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Main Functions of
a Motherboard:
• Component Connection: Provides slots
and interfaces for installing the CPU,
RAM, GPU, storage, and peripherals.
• Data Transfer: Acts as a "highway" for
data to travel between components.
• Power Distribution: Supplies power
from the power supply to all other
components.
• System Control: Houses the chipset
and circuits that manage and
coordinate hardware operations.

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Motherboard(main
Key Components on a board)Choosing the Right
Motherboard:
• CPU Socket: The slot where the processor Motherboard:
• CPU Compatibility: Ensure the
(CPU) is installed. socket and chipset support your
• RAM Slots (DIMM Slots): Slots for attaching processor.
memory (RAM). • RAM Support: Check for
• PCI/PCIe Slots: For connecting expansion supported speeds and capacity.
cards like graphics cards, network cards, or • Form Factor: Common sizes are
sound cards. ATX, Micro-ATX, and Mini-ITX,
• Chipset: Manages communication between depending on your case.
the CPU, memory, and peripherals. • Additional Features: Consider
• I/O Ports: USB, HDMI, Ethernet, audio jacks, the number of USB ports, Wi-Fi
and other connectors for external devices. support, RGB lighting, etc.
• Power Connectors: Connect to the power
supply unit to distribute electricity to
components.
• CMOS Battery: Maintains BIOS settings when
the computer is turned off.
• Storage Connectors (SATA/M.2 Slots): Used
Central Processing Unit

INTRODUCTION TO CPU
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer,
executing instructions and processing data.
 Main Roles:
 Performs arithmetic, logic operations, control tasks,
and temporary data storage.
 Basic Components:
 Control Unit (CU): Manages system operations.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles arithmetic and
logic calculations.
 Registers: Temporarily store data and instructions.
 Central Processing Unit

HOW THE CPU WORKS

2 PERFORMANCE SPEED
1 OPERATION PROCESS: . Measured in GHz (Gigahertz) –
. the number of clock cycles per
 Fetch: Retrieves instructions from
second.
memory. Higher speed means faster
 Decode: Decodes the instructions
processing capabilities.
to understand what to do.
 Execute: Executes the
instruction. 3 CACHE MEMORY:
 Write Back: Stores results back
. Reduces data access time
into memory or registers.
between the CPU and main
memory.
Central Processing Unit

TYPES OF CPUS
•Major Manufacturers:
 Intel: Core i3/i5/i7/i9 series.
 AMD: Ryzen and Threadripper series.
•Technological Advancements:
 Number of Cores: Multi-core CPUs allow
parallel processing of tasks.
 Hyper-threading: Enhances performance by
handling multiple threads per core.
 Manufacturing Process: Modern CPUs use
5nm and 3nm processes to reduce size and
improve efficiency.

Future Trends
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RAM
(Random Access
Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory) is essential volatile memory that provides fast
temporary storage for data the CPU needs, boosting system performance by
enabling quick access to programs and the OS.

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1.RAM Function:

Key Points
Temporary storage for active data and instructions,
lost when power is off. Enhances multitasking and
reduces reliance on secondary storage
(HDD/SSD).Required for all software to run, from basic
apps to resource-intensive programs.
2.Types of RAM:
DRAM: Cost-effective, requires refresh cycles. SRAM:
Faster, no refresh needed, used in cache. SDRAM:
Synchronized with the system clock, improving data
throughput.
3.Capacity and Speed:
Larger capacity supports multi-threading and better
multitasking. Speed (measured in MHz or GHz)
improves data access and system throughput.
4.RAM Upgrades:
Upgrading RAM or switching to faster modules (e.g.,
DDR4 to DDR5) boosts performance, especially for
gaming and virtualization.

Conclusion:
RAM is key to system efficiency and performance.
Understanding its role helps in choosing optimal
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STORAGE DEVICE
What is a storage device ?
A storage device is a piece of technology used to
store digital data. This data can include documents,
images, videos, software, and many other types of
information. You can think of storage devices as
drawers where you store your valuable items.

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Common types of storage devices:

Hard disk drive (HDD):
• This is the traditional type of hard drive,
storing data on magnetic disks.
Advantages include low cost and large
capacity. Disadvantages include slower
access speeds compared to other types. HDD
Solid-state drive (SSD):
• Uses flash memory to store data, offering
very fast read/write speeds, high
durability, and no noise. However, it is
usually more expensive than HDDs and
has a smaller capacity.
SSD
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Common types of storage devices:

USB flash drive:
A compact and portable USB drive for USB flash drive:

carrying and backing up data.

Memory card:
Primarily used for mobile devices such
as cameras and phones.
Cloud storage: Memory card:
Data is stored on the servers of a service
provider, accessible from anywhere with
an internet connection.

Cloud storage:
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SYSTEM
MONITORING
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