Introduction to Programming

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

Chapter 5

Operators

1
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Topics
• Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Increment and Decrement
Operators

2
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Operators
• An operator is a symbol, which helps the user
to command the computer to do a certain
mathematical or logical manipulations.
• Operators are used in programming
language
program to operate on data and variables.

3
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Operators
• Operators can be classified as:
– Arithmetic operators
– Relational Operators
– Logical Operators
– Increments and Decrement
Operators

4
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• You can use an arithmetic operator with one or
two arguments to add, subtract, multiply, and
divide numeric values.
Operator Name Description
+ Addition to add two numbers together

- Subtraction to subtract one number

from another

* Multiplication to multiply one

number by another.

/ Division to divide one number

by another.

% Modulus
(Remainder)
to find the remainder from
dividing one number by
another. 5
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Example:

i. 5 + 3 = 8
ii. 5 – 3 = 2
iii. 5 * 3 = 15
iv. 5 / 3 =
1 v. 5 % 3
=2

6
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Arithmetic Operators
• *, / and % will be performed before +
or - in any
expression.
• Brackets can be used to force a different
order of evaluation to this.

7
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Example

i. 2 + 5 * 4 – 3 = ?
ii. (2 + 5) * (4 – 3)
=?

8
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Arithmetic Operators
• Here are some arithmetic
expressions used within
assignment statements:

i. z=x+y
ii. no1 = x – y
iii. age = a * b + c
iv. velocity = distance / time
v. force = mass * acceleration
vi. count = count + 1

9
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Integer Arithmetic
• When an arithmetic operation is performed on
two whole numbers or integers than such an
operation is called as integer arithmetic.
• It always gives an integer as the result.

10
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Integer Arithmetic
Example

Let x = 27 and y = 5 be two integer numbers.

Then the integer operation leads to the following
results:

i. x + y = 32
ii. x – y = 22
iii. x * y = 115
iv. x %y=2
v. x /y=5 11
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Floating-point Arithmetic
• When an arithmetic operation is preformed on
two real numbers or fraction numbers such
an operation is called floating-point
arithmetic.

12
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Floating-point Arithmetic
Example

Let x = 14.0 and y = 4.0

then i. x + y = 18.0
ii. x – y = 10.0
iii. x * y = 56.0
iv. x / y = 3.50

13
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Relational Operators
• An operator that compares two
values.
• For example, the expression:
x<5
means x is less than 5

• This expression will have a value of TRUE if the

variable x is less than 5; otherwise the value
of the expression will be FALSE.

14
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Relational Operators
• Relational are sometimes
operators
comparison called
• operators.
Expressions that relational operators
contain are
called relational expressions.
• A simple relationalexpression contains only
one relational operator and takes the following
form:
<exp1> relational operator
<exp2>
• Where exp1 and exp2 are expressions, which
may be simple constants, variables or
combination of them.
15
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Relational Operators
• The following are relational
operators:
Operator Name Description
Indicates whether the value of
< Less than the left operand is less than the
value of the right operand.
Indicates whether the value of
<= Less than or equal to the left operand is less than or
equal to the value of the right
operand.
Indicates whether the value of the
> Greater than left operand is greater than the
value of the right operand.
Indicates whether the value of
Greater than or
>= equal to
the left operand is greater than
or equal to the value of the right 16
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Relational Operators
• The following are relational
operators:
Operator Name Description
Indicates whether the value of the
== Equal to left operand is equal to the value
of the right operand.
Indicates whether the value of the
!= Not equal to left operand is not equal to the
value of the right operand.

17
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Relational Operators
Example:

Let x = 2 and y = 5
then
i. x<y = True
ii. (x + 2) > (y =
* 2) False
iii. (x + 3) <= y = True
iv. x != y = True
v. y > (3 + x) =
False 18
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical Operators
• An operatorthat compareor evaluatelogical
and
relational expressions.
• The following are logical operators:
Operator Name
&& Logical AND

|| Logical OR

! Logical NOT

19
Fundamentals of Programming

Operators

Logical AND
• This operator is used to evaluate two
conditions or
expressions with relational operators
simultaneously.
• If both the expressions to the left and to the
right of the logical operator is true then the
Exp1 Exp2 Exp1 && Exp2
whole compound expression is true.
False False False
True False False
False True False
True True True
20
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical AND
Example:

(a > b) && (x == 10)

The expression to the left is a > b and that on

the right is x == 10, the whole expression is
true only if both expressions are true i.e., if a is
greater than b and x is equal to 10.

21
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical AND
Example:

Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the

following logical expressions:

i. (a > b) && (c != =
5) False
ii. (a < b) && (c < =
b) False
iii. (a > b) && (c =
== 5) False 22
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Logical OR
• The logical OR is used to combine two expressions
or the condition evaluates to true if any one of the
2 expressions is true.
• The expression evaluates to true if any one of
them is true or if both of them are true.

Exp1 Exp2 Exp1 || Exp2

False False False
True False True
False True True
True True True
23
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical OR
Example:

(a < m) || (a < n)

The expression evaluates to true if any one of

them is true or if both of them are true.

24
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical OR
Example:

Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the

following logical expressions:

i. (a > b) || (c != =
5) False
ii. (a < b) || (c < = True
b) = True
iii. (a > b) || (c = True
== 5) 25
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operator takes single
expression and evaluates to true if the
expression is false and evaluates to false if the
expression is true.
• In other words it just reverses the value
of the
Exp1 !Exp1
expression.
True False
False True

26
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical NOT
Example:

! (x >= y)

The NOT expression evaluates to true only if the

value of x is neither greater than or equal to y

27
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Logical NOT
Example:

Given a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, evaluate the

following logical expressions:

a) !(a > b) = True

b) !(a < b) =
c) !(a > b || c False
== 5) =
False 28
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

• The increment and decrement operators are
one of the unary operators which are very
useful in programming language.
• They are extensively used in loops.
• The syntax of the operators is given below:

++ variable name
variable name++
– –variable
name variable
name– – 29
Introduction to Programming

Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment operator ++ adds the value
1 to the
current value of operand.
• The decrement operator – – subtracts the
value 1 from the current value of operand.

30
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Example:

Consider the following:

Suppose if we rewrite the

m = 5; above statement as
y = ++m; (prefix)
m = 5;
In this case the value of y y = m++; (postfix)
and
m would be 6.
Then the value of y will be 5
and
that of m will be 6.
31
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

• A prefix operator first adds 1 to the operand
and then
the result is assigned to the variable on the
left.
• On the other hand, a postfix operator first
assigns the value to the variable on the left
and then increments the operand.

32
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Example 1:

x=4
y=+
+x
PRINT
x
PRINT
y

What is the
33
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Example 2:

x=3
y = x+
+
PRINT
x
PRINT
y

What is the
output? 4 34
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Example 3:

x=3
y=
--x
PRINT
x
PRINT
y

What is the 35
Introduction to Programming

Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Example 4:

x=3
y=
x--
PRINT
x
PRINT
y

What is the
output? 2 36