CLASSIFICATION

DD-MM-YY
OF DRUGS TIME
PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY
TOPIC
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the students
are expected to:
◉ Identify the difference of prescription,
OTC and dangerous drugs
◉ Determine the different examples of
therapeutic classifications
◉ Discuss special information needed
about different drug classifications
CHECKLIST
❑ Read course and unit objectives
❑ Read study guide prior to class
attendance
❑ Read required learning resources;
refer to unit terminologies for jargons
❑ Proactively participate in discussions
❑ Participate in weekly discussion board
(Canvas)
❑ Answer and submit course unit tasks
CLASSIFICATION
There are different ways to classify drugs.
The following are the examples:
– Based on the Branding
– Based on Prescription Used
– Based in Therapeutic Classification
WATCH THESE
VIDEOS
(How drugs are discovered and developed?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gl0gAcW8rw
(Understanding Prescription Drug Labels)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaSx4upoI3M
BASED ON
BRANDING
1. GENERIC DRUGS
▪ a medication created to be the same as an existing approved
brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of
administration, quality, and performance characteristics.
▪ A generic medicine works in the same way and provides the same
clinical benefit as its brand-name version.
▪ They can cost a lot less money. (It doesn’t have to repeat clinical
trials which is very expensive)

2. INNOVATOR DRUGS
▪ is the first drugs created containing its specific active ingredient to
receive approval for use. It is usually the product for which
efficacy, safety and quality have been fully established.
▪ When a new drug is first made, drug patent usually will be
acquired by the founding company.
BASED ON
BRANDING
Patents and exclusivities
• are forms of protection for drug makers that may affect how and
when a generic drug is approved and can be sold. New brand-name
drugs are usually protected by patents that prohibit others from
selling generic versions of the same drug.

3. BRANDED GENERICS
▪ A branded generic is a generic drug that has gone through the
ANDA process, and is assigned a name other than the chemical
name.
▪ These branded generic drugs may be developed by a generic
drug company, or by the original manufacturer after patent
expiration. The branded generic name is owned by the company
PRESCRIPTION
DRUG
A human drug that is not safe for use
except under the supervision of licensed
medical practitioner.

Examples:
▪ Drugs for Hypertension
▪ Drugs for Anxiety Disorder
▪ Lipid lowering agents
▪ Drugs for diabetes
▪ Antibiotics
OTC DRUG
OTC drugs are drugs that have been found to be safe and
appropriate for use without the supervision of a health care
professional such as a physician, and they can be purchased by
consumers without a prescription.

OTC drugs generally have these characteristics:

1. their benefits outweigh their risks
2. the potential for misuse and abuse is low
3. consumer can use them for self-diagnosed conditions
4. they can be adequately labeled
5. health practitioners are not needed for the safe and effective
use of the product
 PHARMACIST-only-OTC
Pharmacist-Only medicines
▪ (also known as Restricted
medicines)
▪ are a relatively small group of
medicines that can be purchased
from a pharmacist without a
doctor's prescription.
▪ They are not available for self-
selection from the pharmacy
shelves, and the sale must be
made by a pharmacist.
PHARMACIST-only-OTC
▪ Pharmacist-Only medicines are
usually stored behind a
counter or in the dispensary,
to prevent consumers from
buying the medicine for the
wrong purpose or without the
proper advice.

▪ When selling these medicines,

pharmacists must fulfil some
special requirements designed
to make sure you are properly
informed about the safe and
correct use of your
medicine.
DANGEROUS DRUGS
PROHIBITED DRUGS EXAMPLES:

OPIUM AND ITS heroin and morphine

DERIVATIVES
COCA LEAF AND ITS cocaine; alpha and beta
DERIVATIVES eucaine

HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS mescaline, lysergic acid

diethylamide (LSD)

OTHER SUBSTANCES Indian hemp and its

PRODUCING SIMILAR derivates
EFFECTS
 DANGEROUS DRUGS
REGULATED DRUGS EXAMPLES:

self-inducing sedatives secobarbital, phenobarbital,

pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital
and any other drug which contains a
salt or a derivative of a salt of
barbituric acid;
isomer or salt of an benzedrine or dexedrine, or any drug
isomer, of amphetamine which produces a physiological action
similar to amphetamine

hypnotic drugs methaqualone or any other compound

producing similar physiological effects
DANGEROUS DRUGS
Pharmacists should ensure that the following
requirements are met before dispensing dangerous
drugs:
▪personalized prescription which shall contain the date of
prescription, name of patient, name of prescribing physician,
PTR , S2 License Number, address, telephone number, brand
name or generic name of the drug, total number of units to be
supplied in words, followed by its equivalent in Roman numerals
enclosed in parenthesis; specified direction for use, words “non-
repetition”; and signature of the prescriber.

▪a valid ID should be presented by the buyer. The type of ID

used and its number should be written at the back of the
prescription along with the full name and address of the buyer.
ANESTHESIA
Anesthesia is a drug that numbs
part of your body or makes you
unconscious so that you don't
experience pain during a
procedure like surgery.

Example:
Local- Cocaine, Lidocaine
General- Halothane, Nitrous Oxide
ANTICONVULSANTS
Also commonly known as antiepileptic
drugs or as antiseizure drugs are a
diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in
the treatment of epileptic seizures.

Convulsions- Excessive and abnormal

electrical discharge in the brain.

Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin),

Phenobarbital
 ANTI-MIGRAINE
Pain relieving drugs can
Anti-migraine agents are used to be taken as soon as the
treat migraine headaches. pain begins and include
Migraines are different from other agents in the drug classes
headaches because they occur with such as
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, 1. Ergots
or sensitivity to light. 2. Triptans (Sumatriptan)
3. NSAID's.
ANTIPARKINSONS
▪ An anti-parkinsons is a type
of drug which is intended to
treat and relieve the symptoms
of Parkinson's disease.

▪ The primary symptoms are

muscular rigidity, slowness of
movement, a resting tremor,
and postural instability

Example: Levodopa + Carbidopa

(Sinimet)
ANTIPYRETICS
Antipyretics are drugs that
reduce elevated body
temperature (fever) to normal
levels.

Example:
1. Ibuprofen (Medicol, Advil)
2. Aspirin
3. Paracetamol (Biogesic, Tempra)
SEDATIVE &
HYPNOTICS
Sedatives are a class of
psychoactive drugs whose
Hypnotics are a class of
psychoactive drugs whose
primary function is to induce
primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the
calmness. treatment
of insomnia (sleeplessness)

Example:
1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Zolpidem
3. Zaleplon
ANXIOLYTICS
An anxiolytic (also anti-
panic or antianxiety agent)

is a drug used for the treatment

of anxiety, and its related
psychological and physical
symptoms.

Anxiolytics have been shown to

be useful in the treatment
of anxiety disorders.

Example:
Benzodiazepenes
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
This is a centrally acting drug that
induces mood elevation, useful in
treating mental depression.

Symptoms of depression include:

• Low or irritable mood most of the time
• A loss of pleasure in usual activities
• Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
• A big change in appetite, often with
weight gain or loss
• Tiredness and lack of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate, and
guilt
• Difficulty concentrating
• Slow or fast movements
Example:
• Lack of activity and avoiding usual
1. Fluoxetine (Prozac) activities
2. Imipramine (Tofranil) • Feeling hopeless or helpless
• Repeated thoughts of death or suicide
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
AKA: Major Tranquilizers
These medications are used to
treat the symptoms of mental
disorders such as:

1. schizophrenia
2. Depression
3. bipolar disorder (sometimes
called manic-depressive illness) Example:
4. anxiety disorders, and 1. Chlorpromazine
5. attention deficit-hyperactivity 2. Haloperidol
disorder (ADHD). 3. Lithium Carbonate
(Quilonium)
ANTIVERTIGO
Vertigo is a type of dizziness where
there is illusion of rotatory
movements.

Antivertigo drugs are used to

suppress dizziness

ANTI-MOTION
SICKNESS
A drug that suppresses motion-
induced nausea, vomiting, and
vertigo.

Example: Meclizine (Bonamine)

 NSAIDs
These drugs are used to alleviate the
symptoms of inflammation and to
diminish its occurrence by inhibiting the
prostaglandin synthesis. (COX inhibition)

Example:
1. Ibuprofen
2. Mefenamic Acid (Ponstan)
3. Naproxen (Skelan, Flanax)
ANALGESICS
▪ An analgesic, or ”painkiller”, is any
member of the group of drugs used to
achieve analgesia — relief from pain.

▪ Drinking alcohol while taking aspirin

and ibuprofen can increase the risk of
stomach irritation and discomfort.

Example:
Mild- NSAIDs, Acetaminophen
Strong- Morphine, Codeine, Fentanyl
ANTI-RHEUMATICS
These are anti-inflammatory drugs
that are used to treat arthritis and
rheumatoid disorder

Chronic progressive
inflammatory disorder of
joints of unknown etiology.
Inflammation leads to tissue
proliferation

Examples:
1. NSAIDs
2. Methotrexate
ANTIGOUT
A drug that reduces tissue deposits of
uric acid in general gout or suppress the
intense inflammatory reaction of acute
gout.

Example:
Allopurinol, Cochicine, Indomethacin,
Corticosteroids (prednisone)

GOUT
A metabolic disease marked by a painful
inflammation of the joints, deposits of
urates in and around the joints, and
usually an excessive amount of uric acid
in the blood .
DRUGS AFFECTING THE
UTERUS
Uterine stimulants (uterotonics or oxytoxic) are medications
given to cause a woman's uterus to contract, or to increase the
frequency and intensity of the contractions.
Examples:
▪ Oxytocin
▪ Misoprostol (Cytotec)

Uterine relaxants (tocolytics) are drug used to suppress

premature labor.
Examples:
▪ Terbutaline
▪ Isoxuphrine (Duvadilan)
DRUGS THAT AFFECT
THE GIT
▪ Antacids- Treat hyperacidity
▪ Histamine -2 antagonist- for
Peptic Ulcer Disease
▪ Anticholinergic
▪ Spasmolytic- for abdominal
cramps
▪ Anti-motility
▪ Laxative- for constipation
▪ Anti-emetic- treat nausea &
vomitting
ANTACID
A drug that neutralizes excess gastric
acid. Used to treat hyperacidity

Example:
Aluminum Hydroxide + Magnesium
Hydroxide + Simethicone (Kremil-S)

H2 BLOCKER
A drug that inhibits histamine-mediated
gastric acid secretion used to treat
peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcers

Example:
Cimetidine
SPASMOLYTICS
These are drugs that inhibit motility
of visceral smooth muscles .

Example:
Scopolamine/Hyoscine (Buscopan)

LAXATIVES &
ANTIMOTILITY
ANTIMOTILITY
Drugs that suppresses motility or
peristalsis
LAXATIVES
Drugs that eases defecation
ANTI-EMETIC
▪ Drugs used to treat nausea and
vomiting are called antiemetics.
▪ Many types of antiemetics can
decrease the severity of nausea,
although most require a medical
evaluation and prescription.

Medicines available over-the-counter

are mainly recommended for use in
motion sickness and for cases of
mild nausea.

Example:
Meclizine (Bonamine)
Metoclopramide (Plasil)
CARDIOVASCULAR
DRUGS
1) Inotropic agent
2) Anti-angina
3) Anti- arrhythmic
4) Anti-lipidemic
Arrhythmia – refers to any change
from the normal sequence of
High blood Pressure – electrical impulses, causing abnormal
persistent elevation of arterial heart rhythms
blood pressure. Heart Failure – inability of the heart
to pump sufficient blood to meet
Hyperlipidemia – Elevation of body’s needs
Cholesterol, Phospholipids and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) –
triglycerides. Also known as CAD
Lack of oxygen and decreased or
no blood flow to the heart due to
coronary artery narrowing or
obstruction.
INOTROPIC ANTI-
S
Inotropic agents, or inotropes, are
medicines that change the force of ANGINALS
your heart's contractions.

2 TYPES:

1) Positive inotropes strengthen

the heart's contractions, so it can
pump more blood with
fewer heartbeats.
Examples: Digoxin (Lanoxin)

2) Negative inotropes weaken the

heart's contractions and slow the
Antianginal drugs are
heart rate.
medicines that relieve the
Examples: Beta blockers
symptoms of angina pectoris (
severe chest pain).
 ANTI- ANTI-
ARRHYTHMI HYPERLIPIDE
C
A cardiac depressant useful in
MIC
suppressing rhythm
irregularities of the heart.
or antihyperlipidemic agents, are
a diverse group
of pharmaceuticals that are used
in the treatment
of hyperlipidemias.

They are called lipid-lowering

drugs.
Examples:
Statins (Simvastatin)
 ANTI-AMOEBIC
▪ A drug that kills or inhibits protozoan
parasites such as Entamoeba
histolytics causative organism of
amoebaisis.

▪ Amoebiasis is a type of
gastroenteritis (gastro) caused by a
tiny parasite, Entamoeba histolytica,
which infects the bowel.

The most common symptoms of

amoebiasis are diarrhea (which may
contain blood), stomach cramps and
fever).
ANTILEPROSY
Drugs that is used for the treatment
of leprosy

Leprosy is an infectious disease that

causes severe, disfiguring skin sores
and nerve damage in the arms and
legs.

Examples:
1. Dapsone
2. Clofazamine
3. Rifampicin
ANTIHELMINTHICS
Anthelmintics are drugs that are used
to treat infections with parasitic worms.
This includes both flat worms, e.g., flukes
and tapeworms and round worms, i.e.,
nematodes.

Helminth is a general term meaning

worm. The helminths are invertebrates
characterized by elongated, flat or round
bodies.

Examples:
Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel
pamoate
ANTIFUNGAL ANTIVIRAL
A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic Drug that inhibits viral
fungi. infections

Fungal skin infections can cause a Examples:

variety of different rashes. Often they Aciclovir (Zovirax)
cause an itchy, scaly, dry, red patch Amantadine (Symmetrel)
of skin that slowly gets bigger.
ANTIMALARIAL
Drugs to prevent or cure malarial
infections

Malaria is a mosquito-borne
infectious disease of humans and
other animals caused by
parasitic protozoans (a type of
single cell microorganism) of the
Plasmodium type.

Examples:
Chloroquine, Mefloquine
DRUGS AFFECTING
BLOOD
Anticoagulants are a type of
anti-clotting medicine used to
FIBRINOLYTIC - A drug that
promotes removal of small
prevent harmful blood clots in fibrin clots
the body.
Examples: Streptokinase
Examples:
1. Warfarin
2. Heparin ANTI-FIBRINOLYTIC –
3. Hirudin A drug that promotes
homeostasis by inhibiting clot
dissolution

Example: Tranexamic Acid

ANTI-ASTHMA
These drugs are used for the
treatment of asthma. They may be
useful either in the treatment or
prevention of asthma attacks.

1. Reliever medication- treat

asthma attacks
Ex: Salbutamol

2. Controller medication-
prevent the occurrence of
asthma attacks.
Ex: Fluticasone
 NASAL RESPIRATO
DECONGESTA RY
NT
A decongestant or nasal STIMULANT
A respiratory stimulant is
primarily used in addition
decongestant is a type to noninvasive ventilation as a
of pharmaceutical drug that is means to help increase the
used to relieve nasal congestion in urge to breathe.
the upper respiratory tract. Example: Caffeine
Example: Phenylephrine
DRUGS ACTING ON THE
EYES
MIOTIC
Drugs that constrict the pupil.
Example: Pilocarpine

MYDRIATIC
Mydriatic agents are medicines
that cause the pupil of the eye to
dilate.
Example: Atropine
QUESTIONS:
1. Drugs that have been found to be safe and appropriate
for use without the supervision of a health care
professional such as a physician, and they can be
purchased by consumers without a prescription.
2. A relatively small group of medicines that can be
purchased from a pharmacist without a doctor's
prescription
3. Give 3 examples of Prohibited drugs
4. A type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
5. A metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation
of the joints, deposits of urates in and around the joints,
and usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the
blood .
46
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