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Lect. 1 Protection 2022

The document discusses the principles of power system protection, focusing on the detection and isolation of faults such as short circuits and overloads. It outlines various types of faults, their causes, and the effects they can have on the power system, as well as the objectives and performance requirements of protection systems. Additionally, it details methods for detecting faults and emphasizes the importance of timely and effective responses to minimize damage and ensure safety.

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Abdulrahman Mohammed
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23 views28 pages

Lect. 1 Protection 2022

The document discusses the principles of power system protection, focusing on the detection and isolation of faults such as short circuits and overloads. It outlines various types of faults, their causes, and the effects they can have on the power system, as well as the objectives and performance requirements of protection systems. Additionally, it details methods for detecting faults and emphasizes the importance of timely and effective responses to minimize damage and ensure safety.

Uploaded by

Abdulrahman Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM


PROTECTION

‫ سعدي عبد الحميد السيد‬: ‫األستاذ الدكتور‬


2
What is System Protection?
System protection is the art and science of
detecting problems with power system
components and isolating these components as
quickly as possible.

Problems on the power system include:

1.Short circuits
Types of Fault and Abnormality
1- Short-circuit faults (3Φ, 2Φ, Φg, 2Φg)
2- Open-circuit faults (open conductor)
3- Complex faults (inter-circuit, broken conductor,
cross-country etc)
4- Inter-turn faults in windings
Abnormalities:
1- Overload and excessive temperature
2- Real power deficit - underfrequency
3- Power swings
4- Power frequency overvoltage or under voltage
Abnormalities: Cont.
5- Under-excitation of synchronous
machines
6- Over-fluxing of power transformers
7- Asynchronous operation of synchronous
machines
8- Over-frequency
9- Mechanical defects ie. leaking oil, tap
changer mechanism faults etc
Some Causes of Fault Impedance
1- Arc resistance
2- Pole, tower or structure footing resistance to earth
3- Resistance things that may come in contact with a
line i.e. tree, crane etc
4- Contact resistance where a conductor falls to the
ground
For protection design it is important to recognize
that fault impedance can significantly reduce the
magnitude of fault currents
Causes of Short-Circuit Faults

1- Insulation breakdown due to weakness


2- Lightning
3- Birds and animals bridging insulators
4- Dig-ups for underground cables
5- Conductors breaking
6- Vehicle impact
7- Wind borne debris
8- Incorrect operation by personnel
Effects of -Short-Circuit Type- Faults
1- Large or very large currents can flow through
parts of the network. These large currents can
only be allowed to flow for a very short time
otherwise equipment and generators would be
damaged– allowable short-circuit current flow
duration could range from as short as 10
milliseconds up to say 3 seconds.
2- Arcs, sparking and the heating effect of short-
circuit currents can start
Effects of -Short-Circuit Type- Faults

3- Very large mechanical forces can be caused by


short-circuit currents which have potential to
break or damage equipment
4- Electric current can “escape” from the network
conductors and flow through paths where they
could create a hazard to people or livestock and
cause damage to non-electrical assets/property
5- Reduced stability margins for power system
Proactive frequency control for high renewables penetrated power systems 18
Basic Objectives of a Network Protection
System
1- Detect faults and unacceptable abnormalities
and isolate faulty section of network as quickly
as possible
2- Minimize extent of damage at fault point
3- Minimize effect fault has on rest of power
system
4- Minimize danger to life and property
5- Minimize extent and duration of outage
Performance Requirements of Protection
Systems - 1
1-Discriminate between load (normal) and fault
(abnormal) conditions
2- Not be confused by non-damaging transient
conditions
3- Be selective – coordinate with other protection
systems
4- Fast enough to prevent damage and hazards – but not
too fast
5- Have no “blind spots” i.e. unprotected zones
Performance Requirements of Protection
Systems - 2
7- High degree of reliability and availability
8- Secure against incorrect operation (security)
9- An acceptable compromise between reliability and
security is required – reliability should take
precedence
10- Should not restrict rating of primary plant and
equipment
11- Should be affordable (cost reasonable)
Protection Application Concepts - Roles
1- Protection relays are associated with each
equipment item or circuit (ie line, cable, transformer,
generator, bus-bar etc)
2- Protection relays closest to the fault location should
operate first
3- Circuit breakers closest to fault should be opened
first
4- Fault current components will flow in other (un-
faulted) circuits – protection relays associated with
these should not operate in the first instance
Protection Application Concepts Roles - continued

5- As protection relays or circuit breakers may fail


to operate during a fault on occasions, back-up is
necessary
Methods of Detecting Faults
1-Magnitude of current – Overcurrent protection
2- Magnitude of current in earth or neutral (Earth Fault
protection)
3- Magnitude and Phase Angle of current – Directional
Overcurrent protection
4- Magnitude and Phase Angle of current in earth or neutral
– Directional Earth Fault
5- Magnitude and Angle of Impedance (Ratio V/I) –
Impedance protection
6- Difference between two or more currents – Differential
protection
Methods of Detecting Faults Continue

7- Difference between Phase Angles of two currents – Phase


Comparison protection
8- Magnitude of negative sequence current
9- Magnitude of Voltage – Overvoltage or Undervoltage
protection
10- Magnitude of Frequency – Over or Under frequency
protection
11- Temperature – Thermal protection
12- Specials i.e. transformer gas protection,

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