6.

Doors and windows

Group Members: Tutor:

Abhishek Subedi (077bce005) Asst. Prof Subash Bastola
Anuj Kunwar (077bce017) Department of Civil
Engineering
Bhupendra Thapa (077bce029)
IOE, Pulchowk Campus
Birat Khanal (077bce041) 1
2
6. Doors and windows
(2 Hours)
6.1. Doors: frames, shutters and their fixing details
6.2. Windows & ventilators: types and their fixing
details

3
 Definitions
 Doors
 A door may be defined
as an openable barrier
secured in an opening
left in a wall for the
purpose of providing
access to the users of
the structure.
 It consists of two parts,
namely, frame and
shutter.

4
 Definitions
 Windows
 A window may be
defined as an opening
made in a wall for the
purpose of providing
day light, vision and
ventilation.
 It also consists of two
parts i.e., a frame and
a shutter.

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Important Consideration for Doors
1. Purpose
 To serve as a connecting link between various
internal parts of a building as well as outside
world.
 The no. of doors shall be kept minimum as more
number of doors will cause obstruction and reduce
the effective usable carpet area of the room.
 NBC 206-2015: In case of Assembly and
Educational buildings minimum of two doors shall
be provided if the no of occupants in the room is
greater than 50.
 NBC 206-2015: Exit doorway of Assembly 6
buildings shall be openable without a key from the
Important Consideration for Doors
2. Size
 In general, a door should have dimensions such that
the movement of largest object likely to pass is
possible.
 NBC 206-2015: No exit door, inclusive of frame, shall
be less than 1 m in width and 2.1 m in height except
in case of residences where the minimum size of exit
door shall be 0.9 m in width by 2 m height. The width
of doors of rooms which do not form a part of general
human habitation or exit medium such as toilets and
verandah is permitted to width of 0.75 m.
 NBC 206-2015: The width of the doorways shall be
measured in multiple of 500 mm and calculated using
table 2. 7
Important Consideration for Doors
2. Size (Continued)

8
Important Consideration for Doors
3. Location
 The location of doors is generally fixed by Architect
of the building.
 NBC 206-2015: The maximum travel distance to
exits or stairways from any point within the single
floor level shall not be more than 30 m for all types
of building except when external corridor of 15 m
or more is part of the route, in which this distance
may be increased to 40 m. However, it may be
noted that external corridor are not allowed as
medium of passage in case of High-rise buildings
unless they are fully enclosed by a glazed medium
in which case it is considered as enclosed. 9
Important Consideration for Doors
3. Location (continued)
 NBC 206-2015: Exits shall be arranged in a way
that they may be reached without passing through
another enclosed occupied area except in case of
residential and apartment buildings.
 NBC 202-2015: Openings are to be located away
from inside corners by a clear distance equal to at
least 1/4 of the height of the opening, but not less
than 600 mm.

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Important Consideration for Doors
3. Location (continued)
 NBC 202-2015: (For Stone Masonry) Openings
should be as small and as centrally located as
practicable. Ventilators, where used, shall be 450
x 450 mm or smaller. Tops of openings in a storey
should preferably be at the same level, so that a
continuous horizontal band can be provided over
them that includes the lintels throughout the
building.

11
Important Consideration for Doors
4. Material
 Usual materials are wood, glass and plywood and
metals among them wood is the most common one.
5. Other requirements
 NBC 205-2015: (For non load bearing wall of RCC
framed Structure) Provide a horizontal RC band through
the wall at the lintel level of doors and windows and at
window-sill level in each storey as given
• Longitudinal - two bars 8 mm φ (Fe415) anchored fully in the RC
column abutting the wall.
• Transverse - links 6 mm φ (Fe250) stirrups at every 150 mm.
 For safety glazed shutter of an external door should be
provided with steel grill of suitable design. 12
Technical Terms of Doors and
Windows

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Technical Terms of Doors and
Windows
1. Frame: This consists of a group of members which
form a support for a door or a window
2. Shutter: Openable parts of a door or window and is
an assembly of styles, panels and rails.
3. Head: The topmost horizontal part of a frame
4. Rebate: A depression made inside the door frame to
receive the door shutter.
5. Sill: lowermost part of the window
6. Style: Vertical outside member of a shutter
7. Top rail: Topmost horizontal member of shutter.
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Technical Terms of Doors and
Windows
8. Lock rail: Middle horizontal member of a shutter
where locking arrangement is fixed.
9. Bottom rail: The lowest horizontal member of a
shutter.
10. Intermediate or Cross rails: Additional horizontal
member fixed between the top and bottom rails of
a shutter.
11. Mullion: Vertical member running through a shutter
12. Jamb: Vertical wall face of door or window opening
which support the frame.
13. Transom: Horizontal member of a frame that sub-
15
divides a window horizontally.
Types of Doors
 Classification Based on Materials Used
1. Wooden Doors
1. Battened and Ledged Doors
2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors
3. Battened, Ledged and Frame Doors
4. Battened, Ledged, Framed and Braced Doors
5. Framed and Paneled Doors
6. Glazed or Sash Doors
7. Flush Doors
8. Louvered Doors

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Types of Doors
 Classification Based on Materials Used
(continued)
2. Metal Doors
1. Hollow Metal Doors
2. Steel Plate Doors
3. Corrugated Steel Doors
4. Rolling Shutters
5. Collapsible Doors
3. Composite Doors
1. Metal Covered Doors 4. Telescopic Doors
2. Revolving Doors 5. Swing Doors
3. Sliding Doors 6. Fire Check Doors 17
Types of Doors
 Classification Based on Working Operations
1. Collapsible Steel Doors
2. Revolving Doors
3. Rolling Steel Doors
4. Sliding Doors
5. Swing Doors

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Classification Based on Material
Used
Wooden Doors only

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Wooden Doors
1. Battened and Ledged Doors
 A ledged door is formed of the vertical boards,
known as the battens, which are secured by
horizontal supports, known as the ledges as shown
in figure. (Building const., Rangwala)
 Battens are 100 mm to 150 mm wide and 20 mm to
30 mm thick. The ledges are generally 100 mm to
200 mm wide and 30 mm thick.
 Three ledges are generally given at top, middle and
bottom portion as shown in figure.
 The shutter is hung on the frame by T- hinges which
are fixed on the ledges.
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 Used in places where strength and appearance of
21
Wooden Doors
2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors
 These are similar to ledged door except that the
diagonal members, known as braces, are provided
as shown in the figure. (Building const., Rangwala)
 Width of braces = generally 100 mm- 150 mm and
thickness = generally 30 mm.
 Bracing gives rigidity and are used in wide
openings
 Bracing must be sloped upwards form the hanging
side as they have to work in compression and not
in tension.
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23
Wooden Doors
3. Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
 A frame is framework is constructed for shutters to
make the doors stronger and better in
appearances as shown in the figure.
 The styles provided to make the framework are
generally 100 mm wide and 40 mm thick.
 Battens and ledges are provided as mentioned in
previous doors in space remained after
construction of frameworks.

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25
Wooden Doors
4. Battened, Ledged, Framed and Braced Doors
 This is similar to the above type door except that
the braces are provided as shown in the figure.
 This type of doors are more durable, stronger and
hence it can be adopted for external use and wide
doors as they are rigid.
 The brace should incline upwards from the
hanging side as they have to work in compression.

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27
Wooden Doors
5. Framed and Paneled Doors
 The most usual variety of door and consists of a
framework in which panels are fitted. (Building const.,
Rangwala)

 Panels is flat rectangular component made of

wood that is set into the doors.
 This type of door reduces the tendency of
shrinkage and presents a decent appearance.
 The thickness of shutter depends upon various
factors such as type of work, situation of door,
number of panels, etc. In general, it is taken about
30 mm – 40 mm. The thickness of panel is about
20 mm. 28
29
Wooden Doors
5. Framed and Paneled Doors (continued)
 The panels are secured in position by grooves
made inside the edges of the framework.
 The number and size of panels depend upon the
architect's design or owner’s desire. Generally, it
varies from 1- 6 panels.
 In small opening single leaf shutters are used
while double-leafed shutters are used in large or
wide openings.

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31
Wooden Doors
6. Glazed or Sash Doors
 To admit more light, in addition to that coming
form the windows, the fully glazed or partly
paneled and partly glazed doors are used.
 The usual glazed portion to paneled portion is 2:1.
 The glass is fixed in the doors by wooden beads
fixed to the frame.
 To increase the area of glazed portion the width of
the styles above lock rail is decreased as show in
the figure. This are known as the diminished styles
or gunstock styles.
 Are used in hospitals, offices, libraries, show 32
rooms, etc.
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34
Wooden Doors
7. Flush Doors
 A flush doors consists of a framework of rails and
styles, and it is covered with plywood or hard-
board.
 Are of two types- a framed flush door and a
laminated flush door.
 A framed flush door consists of styles, rails,
horizontal ribs, vertical ribs and plywood as shown
in the figure.
• The hollow space is sometimes filled with granulated cork
or any other light material
• They are light in weight and cheap but are weak, so they
have become practically obsolete. 35
36
Wooden Doors
7. Flush Doors (Continued)
 A laminated flush door consists of styles, rails,
laminated core and plywood as shown in the figure.
• The laminae of wood are glued together in great pressure
making them heavy but requires more material for
construction.
• The plywood sheets on either side are also glued to the
laminated core under great pressure.
• The flush doors are prepared by specialist firm and are
available in standard sizes.
• The thickness of plywood facing is about 6 mm and the
thickness of flush door varies form 25 mm to 40 mm.
• Flush doors are especially used for interior works and are
economical , easy to clean, better in appearances, reasonably
37
strong, little affected by moisture, termite-proof and crack-
proof.
38
39
Wooden Doors
8. Louvered Door
 In this type of doors, the shutters are provided
with louvers, either fully or partly
 The louvers are arranged at such an inclination
that the horizontal vision is obstructed
 The louver may be movable or fixed
 The louver should be kept sloping away from
the inner portion as shown in figure. This
arrangement will prevent the entry of moisture
from the outside
 Louvered door provide free ventilation and at
the same time maintain sufficient privacy of
the room. However, these doors harbour dust
easily which is very difficult to be cleansed
 generally used for latrines and bathrooms of
residential and public buildings
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Classification Based on Working
Operation

41
Classification Based on Working Operation
9. Collapsible Steel Door
 A collapsible steel doors consist of mild steel
frame
 The two vertical pieces of mild steel
channels, about 15mm to 20mm wide, are
joined together with the hollow portion of the
channel inside. A vertical gape of about
12mm to 15mm is thus created
 Such pieces spaced at 120mm centre to
centre and are joined to one another by
cross iron pieces
 Rollers are provided at top and bottom
 Usually, these doors provides additional
safety
 Does no give privacy inside room
 Commonly they are used in compound gates,
residential building gates, bank lockers room, 42
school and college entrance door, etc
Classification Based on Working Operation
10. Revolving Door
 consists of a centrally placed mullion or
pivot to which four radiating shutters are
attached
 The central pivot is supported with ball
bearing at the bottom and bush bearing
at the top so that its rotation is smooth
and without any jerk, friction and noise
 A revolving door simultaneously provides
entrance on one side and exit on the
other end
 At the same time, it keeps the opening
automatically in closed position, when
not in use
 A revolving door is very much useful for
buildings, where there is heavy rush of
foot traffic, and for air-conditioned
buildings. Hence they are provided in big 43
hotels, banks, offices, theatres, hospitals,
etc
Revolving Door

44
Classification Based on Working Operation
11. Rolling Steel Door
 A rolling steel doors consists of a
frame, a drum and a shutter of
thin steel plates or iron sheets of
thickness about 1mm
 The width of door vary from 2m to
5m and diameter of drum is about
200mm to 300mm
 The shutter moves on steel guides
provided on sides and usually rolls
in turn
 They provide security against fire
and burglars
 They are however not good in
appearance and they can cause
noise in movements
 Usually used in garages, show
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rooms, shops, godowns, factory
buildings, etc
Rolling steel door

46
Based On Working Operation

12. Sliding Door

 In this type of doors, the shutter slides
on the sides with the help of runner
and guide
 The door may have one sliding shutter,
two shutters or even three shutters
depending upon the size of the
opening and the space available for
sliding
 The cavities may be provided in the
wall to receive the door in an open
position or it may simply lie touching
the wall, the latter arrangement being
very common
 A sliding door does not cause any
obstruction during movement
 It is provided with handles, locking
arrangement, stopper, etc 47
 used for entrances of godowns, sheds,
Sliding Door

48
Based On Working Operation
13. Swing Door
 Swing door has its shutter
attached to the frame by
means of special hinges
known as double action
spring hinges and thus
shutter can be moved
both inward and outward
 They may single
shuttered or double
shuttered and shutter is
hinged on frame
 They are preferred in
offices, banks, public
buildings such as govt.
offices, etc.
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Swing Door

50
Past Questions
Q.1 Explain types of doors based on shutters.(Back 2079 Ashwin)
[4]
Q.2 Explain about the various types of door based on working
mechanism. (Regular 2078 chaitra) [4]
Q.3 Show in figure the general parts used in door and windows.
(Regular 2077 chaitra) [4]
Q.4 Illustrate different components of door frame and paneled
shutter.(Back 2077 poush)[3]
Q.5 Explain different types of door based on shutter with necessary
sketches.(Back 2076 Baisakh) [8]
Q.6 Explain the elements of battened door shutter with sketch.
(Regular 2075 Bhadra) [4]
Q.7 Explain elements of panelled and battened doors with neat
sketches (Back 2073 magh)[4]
Q.8 Explain the general parts and terms used in door and window
with necessary diagram. Define casement, awning, and hopper 51
window.(2074 Bhadra 2074) [8]
 Past Question
Q. Describe the method of fixing a timber door. compare collapsible
door with revolving door.(Back 2080 Ashwin) (3+2)

i. First, when the brick work is completed, measure the door

opening. Generally, standard size of door is taken as 3 feet width
and 7 feet height.
ii. Manufacture timber frame of size 2 feet 11.5 inch wide and 7 feet
height.
Clearance= 0.5 inch should be provided between wall and
frame
iii. Wooden primer is applied
iv. Anti-termite treatment of frame (eg: black Japan)
v. Use support diagonals
vi. Clamp the frame with the holdfast (iron hold fast of greater
thickness)
6 clamps in each door ( 3 in each side) 52
vii. Frame attached 10 mm out of brick face
 Past Question contd…
viii. Check verticality of frame with help of plumbob and level with
water level or spirit level
ix. If door is to be constructed in column, use fastners( 8-10mm dia)
x. Fill concrete in the holdfast hole and cure for 5-7 days.
xi. Different door accessories are fitted
Butt Hinge To fit door with frame
150 mm from top and 150 mm above bottom
Tower bolt 800-850 mm from FFL
AL Drop 800-850 mm from Finished Floor level (FFL)
Door handle 900-1000 mm from FFL

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Windows
 A window is an opening in a wall,
door, roof, or vehicle that allows the
exchange of light and may also allow
the passage of sound and sometimes air.

Main Functions of window

 Providing natural sunlight.
 Delivering energy efficiency.
 Ventilating the home.
 Provides outdoor view.
54
Parts of Windows

55
Types of windows

1. Casement windows
 Window that is attached to its frame by one or more
vertical hinges at the side.
 Shutter of such windows open like a door.
 One frame, separately movable of such window
is known as casement sash.
 Most commonly used.
 Allow maximum ventilation and airflow in room.
 Can be opened fully.

56
Awning Window
Pivoted at the top, opens outwards

Hopper Window
Pivoted at bottom, swings inwards

57
2.Fixed window

 Shutters are fixed to the window frame.

 Used for the sole purpose of admitting light.

58
Metal windows

 Mild steel, aluminum or other alloys.

 Either fitted to wall directly using lugs and plugs or to wood using
screws.
 Subject to contraction/ expansion.
 Members are thin, so greater size of opening.
 Durable and stronger than wooden ones.
 Subject to corrosion and damage. Aluminum frames shouldn’t come in
contact with fresh cement plaster. Suitable paints, coatings can be used.

59
Double hung window

 Consists of pair of shutters which can slide

vertically within the grooves provided in the
frame.
 Double hung windows open from both top
sash and bottom sash.
 These windows can be opened to let cool air
in through the bottom pane and release
warm air through the top pane.
 Only half of the opening is available for
ventilation.
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Pivoted windows

 Shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots.

 May be vertically pivoted or horizontally pivoted.
 Can rotate 90°-180° about a horizontal or vertical
axis usually located on or near the center of the
sash.
 Window allows for full ventilation in small space,
but cannot be equipped with a screen.
 Can be in circular shape too.

61
Louvered windows
 Allow free passage of air when closed
and at same time provide sufficient privacy.
 Can be fixed or adjustable type.
 Angle of inclination can vary from 0 to 90
degrees.
 Louver should slope downward to the
outside so that rain water does not get
entry into the building.
 Are not completely airtight.

62
Sash or glazed window

 Fully glazed casement window.

 Sashes are rebated to receive glass panels.
 Width and depth of rebates are 15mm and
5mm respectively.
 Glass is secured in position either by putty or
using small fillets called glazing beads.

63
Corner windows
 Provided at the corner of rooms.
 There is entry of light and air from two
directions.
 Special lintel is casted at the corner
 Jamb post of the window at the corner is
made up of heavy section.
 Expensive than other type of window.
 Difficult installation.
 Aesthetic appeal.
64
Gable windows

 Provided at the gable ends of the roof

 Gable end window follows a roof
structure.
 Top floor spaces flooded with natural
light.
 Proper care should be taken to prevent
water entry.

65
Dormer windows
 Windows provided in dormer in a sloping roof.
 Aim is to provide light and air to rooms which are
constructed within or below the roof slopes.
 Aesthetic value.
 Expensive and difficult to install.

66
Bay window
 Window projected outside the external wall
of a room.
 Maybe of any shape
 Admit more light, proper ventilation
 Provide 180 degrees outdoor view
 Extend the length of a room up to 3 feet.
 Difficult to install.

67
Clere-storey windows

 Provided where the roof part is raised.

 Pivoted windows are used for this purpose.
 Clere-storey windows provide ventilation to
the inside of room as the front is blocked by
verandah.
 Improve appearance.
 Poor heat insulation.

68
Lanterns or lantern windows
 Windows fixed on roof for lighting
the inner portion of the building
 May be rectangular ,square or
curved
 If ventilation is also required,
pivoted window is used.
 Solar heating.
 Heat loss in winter.
 Aesthetic look.

69
Skylights

 Windows provided in sloping surface of the

pitched roof.
 Common rafters are suitably trimmed and
the skylight is erected on a curb frame.
 Mainly for light ,they are provided with
fixed glass panel.
 Difficult to clean.

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Aankhi Jhyal

► Small wooden window used in traditional

and cultural buildings of Nepal.
► Ancient architectural value.
► Small pores present.
► Not so efficient for lighting.

71
Ventilators

► Windows of small heights generally fixed on top of doors and

windows.
► Generally placed about 30 to 50 cm below the roof.
► Consists a frame and shutter, generally glazed and horizontally
pivoted.
► Main function is to facilitate ventilation.
► Provided as per by-laws of the municipality.

72
Past Questions

► Louvered window components with sketch.

► Steel windows
► General parts of doors and windows
► Casement, awning and hopper windows
► Describe purpose and sizing of doors and windows
► Elevation of glazed window

73
Any Queries?
Thank you