CS-1001

Introduction to
Information &
Communication
Technology
System
Unit
System
Unit
ØA system unit is the case containing all the electronic
components of
the computer that perform operations and produce
results for complex
• Alternatively called chassis, case and
calculations
base unit.
Components of
system unit
Ø The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal
computer include:
• Processor
• Memory
• Ports
• Buses
• Drive bays
• Power
supply
Inside a Computer Case
Ø Major components that make up the inside of a
computer.
1.
Motherboard
ØAlternatively called main circuit board
and
system board,
ØContain adapter card, processor chips,
and
memory chips
Øcomputer system. is
The motherboard It allocates power
a foundation of a
and allows
computer
communication to biggest
system that is the and between
boardthe
in a
CPU, RAM,
and all other computer hardware
components.
2.
Processor
ØAlternately called a central processor,
processing unitor
microprocessor ofcentral
the
Øcomputer.
The CPU is a chip inside the computer and often called
thebrain of
the
Øcomputer
A computer's CPU handles all instructions it receives
from hardware and software running on the computer.
For example,
the CPU processed the instructions to use a web browser
to open and
display this web page on your computer.
Components of the CPU
1. ALU: (arithmetic logic unit) performs mathematical,
3. CU: (control unit) directs all the processors
2. logical,
operations. and decision operations.
Process
or
Ø For every instruction, a processor repeat four
which comprise
operations of the aCPU
machine
cycle
Arithmetic And
Logical Unit
ØArithmetic unit perform basic arithmetic function such
as Addition, , multiplication and
subtraction
Ødivision etc. perform logical operations like comparing
Logical unit
two data items
( greater than , less than ,equal
to etc.)
Control
Unit
Ø A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates
most of the
operations inthe
• Fetch - get thenext
computer
instruction from
memory
• Decode - translate the instruction
• Execute - carry out the command
• Store the result - write the result to
memory
• Machine cycle
Process
or
ØPipelini
ng• Most current personal computers support pipelining
• CPU begin fetching second instruction before
completing machine
•cycle
Resultfor
infirst instruction
faster
processing
ØProcessor contains registers, that temporarily
instructio
hold data and
Øns
System clock control the timing of all computer
operations

Each tick
is a Clock speed
clock in
cycle gigahertz
(1GH’s=on
e
billion tick Process
of or
system
clock
speed
measured
per in
second) MIPS
Process
or
ØParallel
processing
• Use multiple processors simultaneously to execute a
program faster
• Require special software to divide problem and bring
result together

Sequential
processing
Data
Representation
ØMost computers are digital
ØRecognize only two states :
OFF
ON or
ØUse binary system to
state
recognize two
ØsCoding system to
represent
• ASCII data:
• EBCDIC
• UNICODE
Data
Representation
3.
Memory
Ø Electronic components that store instructions, data
and results
• The operating system and other system software
• Application software
• Data being processed by application programs
Ø Consist of one or more chips on motherboard or other
circuit board
Memor
yØMemory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB)
gigabytes(GB) and terabytes(TB)
• Bytes are stored at specific locations or
addresses
Memor
yTypes of
memory
The system unit contains two types of
memory
Memor
yØRAM
• Random Access Memory
• The memory chips in the system unit
• When the computer starts, certain operating system
files are loaded
from a storage device into RAM
RAM
ØThe more RAM, the more programs and files a
computer can
work on at once
ØSoftware usually tells you how much RAM is
required
ØThree basic
• Static RAMtypes of RAM chips exist
• Dynamic RAM
• Magnetoresistive
RAM
DRAM
Ø Dynamic random access memory
Ø Used in computer , least expensive
Ø Require electric current to maintain its
electrical state
Ø Electrical charge decrease with time
Ø Recharged/Refresh again and again to
maintain data
Ø Cannot access data when memory is being
refreshed
Ø Slow speed
SRAM
ØStatic Random Access Memory
ØMemory cell made from digital gates
ØStore data without frequent
recharging/refresh
ØFast speed and more reliable
Ø
ØExpensive
Utilize less
power
Ø Used to built fast
memory
MRAM
ØMagnetoresistive Random Access
Memory
ØStore data using magnetic charges
Ø
ØHigh storage
Consume lesscapacity
power
Ø Faste
r
Memor
yØCach
e • computers improve
processing times used instructions and data
• stores frequently
• Most personal computers today have at least two
types of memory
cache: L1 cache and L2 cache
• L1 cache: small capacity (8 KB to 128 KB)
• L2 cache: larger capacity
ØSearches memory in this (64 KB to 16 MB)
order
L1 L2 RAM
cache Cache
Memor
yØROM
• Read-Only Memory
• Cannot be modified
• Contents not lost when the computer is
turned off
ØType
s • PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
PROM
Ø Programable Read Only
Memory
Ø Using special devices manufactures can write data
and program
Ø Data and instructions can written only once
Ø Errors cannot be removed(chip become unusable)
EPROM
ØErasable Program Read Only
Memory
ØUsing special devices manufactures can write data
and program
ØUsing ultraviolet rays data and program can be
erased
ØNew program can be written
EEPROM
Ø Electronically Erasable Program Read Only
Memory
Ø Data can write and erase using electrical
pulses
Ø Content can be modified
Ø Error can be erased electronically
easily
4. Expansion Slots and
Expansion
ØExpansion Cards
slot
• A socket on the motherboard that can hold an
expansion card
• Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
ØExpansion cardthat enhances functions of a system
• Circuit board
component
and/or provides connections to peripherals
5. Ports and
Connectors
ØPoint of attachment to the system unit
ØPeripheral used it to send data or receive
comput
information from the
Øer
Usually on the back and front of the
system unit
Connectors
ØJoins a cable to a
port
Ports on Personal
computers
Ports on Notebook
computer
Types of
ports
ØUSB Ports
ØFireWire
Ports
ØBluetooth
Port
ØSCSI Port
ØIrDA Port
ØMIDI Port
USB
Port
ØUniversal serial bus
ØCan connect up to 127 different
devices
ØFireWire
Ports
• Connect devices that require faster data transmission
speeds
• Such as digital VCRs, color printers, scanners, digital
cameras etc.
ØBluetooth
•
• Allows
Port you waves
uses radio to connect up to 63
to transmit devices
data
• devices have to be within about 33 feet
• smart phones, PDAs, cars, and other consumer electronics
enable
are Bluetooth-
•da small chip that allows them to communicate with other
device
Bluetooth-enabled
•sBluetooth wireless port adapter that will convert an existing
Bluetooth
USB port into a
port.
ØSCSI Port
• used to attach disk drives and
printers.
ØIrDA Portdata via infrared light waves
• transmit
• wireless devices to transmit signals
• both the device must have an IrDA port
• must align the IrDA port on the device with other
• Devices that uses: smart phone, PDA, keyboard,
mouse,
ØMIDI and printer.
Port
• connects the system unit to a musical
instrument,
6.
Buses
ØBus interconnection: internal communication
channel
Øchannel along which bits transfer within the circuitry of
a computer,
ØBus width: Size of a bus determines the number of
bits
ØBuses consist of two parts:
• Data bus
• Address bus
• Expansion
ØTypes
bus of Buses
• System bus
7.
Bays
ØAn opening inside the system unit
in which
you can install additional equipment
such as
ØExternal bay allows access
a hard drive
openings fromand CD-ROM drive
outside the system unit (e.g
ØOptical
Internaldisc
bay is concealed entirely
drivesthe
within
system ) unit (e.g Hard disk
drives)
8. Power
Supply
Øcomponent of the system unit that converts the wall
outlet AC power
into DC
Øpower.
Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps the power
supply cool.
Batter
y
ØHardware component that supplies power
to a device
ØEnabling device to work without a power
cord
• Backup
• Main battery
battery
Related
material
• https://www.slideshare.net/emolagi/system-unit-45915398
• https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/system-unit.htm
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/8790414/