CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
 Contents
4.1. Related Rates
4.2. Linear Approximations and Differentials
4.3. Maxima and minima
4.4. The Mean value theorem
4.5. Derivatives and the shapes of Graphs
4.6. Limits at Infinity and Asymptotes
4.7. Applied Optimization Problems
4.9. Newton’s Method
4.10. Antiderivatives
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.1 Related Rates

In this section, we will learn:

How to compute the rate of change of one quantity
in terms of that of another quantity.
RELATED RATES

Example 1
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100 cm3/s.
How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is
50 cm?
RELATED RATES

Example 1
RELATED RATES
Example 1

The key thing to remember is that rates of change are derivatives.

– In this problem, the volume and the radius are

both functions of the time t.
– The rate of increase of the volume with respect
to time is the derivative dV / dt.
– The rate of increase of the radius is dr / dt.
RELATED RATES

Example 1
To connect dV/dt and dr/dt, first we relate V and r by the
formula for the volume of a sphere:

V  r 4
3
3
Example 1

To use the given information, we differentiate each side of

the equation with respect to t.

To differentiate the right side, we need to use the Chain

Rule:
dV dV dr 2 dr
 4 r
dt dr dt dt
RELATED RATES
Example 1
Now, we solve for the unknown quantity:
dr 1 dV

dt 4 r 2 dt
If we put r = 25 and dV / dt = 100 in this equation, we obtain:
dr 1 1
 2
100 
d t 4  (2 5) 2 5
The radius of the balloon is increasing at the rate
of 1/(25π) ≈ 0.0127 cm/s.
 DIFFERENTIALS Example 2

The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21 cm

with a possible error in measurement of at most 0.05 cm.
What is the maximum error in using this value of the radius
to compute the volume of the sphere?
Solution

If the radius of the sphere is r, then its volume is V = 4πr3/3.

– If the error in the measured value of r is denoted by
dr = ∆r, then the corresponding error in the calculated
value of V is ∆V.
DIFFERENTIALS Example 2

This can be approximated by the differential

dV = 4πr2dr
When r = 21 and dr = 0.05, this becomes:
dV = 4π(21)2 0.05 ≈ 277
The maximum error in the calculated volume
is about 277 cm3.
RELATIVE ERROR
Note

Relative error is computed by dividing the error by the

total volume:
V dV 4 r 2 dr dr
  4 3 3
V V 3r r

Thus, the relative error in the volume is about three times

the relative error in the radius.
RELATIVE ERROR Note

In the example, the relative error in the radius is

approximately dr/r = 0.05/21 ≈ 0.0024 and it
produces a relative error of about 0.007 in the volume.
The errors could also be expressed as percentage errors
of 0.24% in the radius and 0.7% in the volume.
 Example 2

A ladder 10 ft long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom

of the ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 ft/s,
how fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when
the bottom of the ladder is 6 ft from the wall?
 Example 2
We first draw a diagram and label it as in the figure.
– Let x feet be the distance from the bottom of the ladder
to the wall and y feet the distance from the top of the
ladder to the ground.

– Note that x and y are

both functions of t
(time, measured in
seconds).
 Example 2

We are given that

dx / dt = 1 ft/s
and we are asked
to find dy / dt when
x = 6 ft.
 Example 2

In this problem, the relationship between

x and y is given by the Pythagorean Theorem:
x2 + y2 = 100
 Example 2
Differentiating each side with respect to t using the Chain Rule,
we have:
dx dy
2x  2 y 0
dt dt

– Solving this equation for the desired rate,

we obtain:
dy x dx

dt y dt
 Example 2

When x = 6 , the Pythagorean Theorem gives y = 8 and so,

substituting these values and
dx / dt = 1, we have:

– The fact that dy / dt is negative means that

the distance from the top of the ladder to
the ground is decreasing at a rate of ¾ ft/s.
– That is, the top of the ladder is sliding down
the wall at a rate of ¾ ft/s.
 Do yourself
1. The top of a ladder slides down a vertical wall at a rate of
0.15 m/s. At the moment when the bottom of the ladder is 3
m from the wall, it slides away from the wall at a rate of 0.2
m/s. How long is the ladder?
2. Two sides of a triangle are 4 m and 5 m in length and the
angle between them is increasing at a rate of 0.06 rad/s. Find
the rate at which the area of the triangle is increasing when
the angle between the sides of fixed length is /3.
3. Use differentials to estimate the amount of paint needed to
apply a coat of paint 0.05 cm thick to a hemispherical dome
with diameter 50 m.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.2 Linear Approximations and

Differentials

In this section, we will learn about:

Linear approximations and differentials
and their applications.
LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS

We use the tangent line at (a, f(a)) as an approximation to the

curve y = f(x) when x is near a.
An equation of
this tangent line is

L(x) = y = f(a) + f’(a)(x - a)

LINEAR APPROXIMATION

The approximation
f(x) ≈ f(a) + f’(a)(x – a) = L(x)
is called the linear approximation of f at a.
LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS Example 1

Find the linearization of the function f ( x)  x  3

at a = 1 and use it to approximate the numbers

3.98 and 4.05

Are these approximations overestimates or underestimates?

LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS
Example 1
Putting these values into Equation 2, we see that the
linearization is:
L( x)  f (1)  f '(1)( x  1)
2  14 ( x  1)
7 x
 
4 4
 LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS Example 1

7 x
The corresponding linear approximation is: x 3  
4 4
(when x is near 1)

In particular, we have:
 LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS
Look at the table and the
figure.

– The tangent line

approximation
gives good
estimates if x
is close to 1.

– However,
the accuracy
decreases
when x is farther
away from 1.
Use the linear approximation to of the function f ( x)  x  1 at
a=3 to approximate the numbers. Select the correct ones.

a) 3.95 1.9875 b) 4.05 2.0125

3.95 1.98746
c) d) 4.05 2.01246

Answer: a and b
 Do yourself
• Find the linearization of the function
at a = -1 and use it to approximate the value of f(-0.99).

f(x)  f’(a)(x – a) + f(a) = L(x)

 Quiz
Find the limit if g ( x) ln x

g ( x)  g (2)
lim
x 2 x 2
.

a. 1 b. ½ c. 1/3 d. 2
 Quiz

dy dx
Find when x=2 if 1, y x3  3x 2
dt dt

a. 1 b.2 c.3 d.4 e.0

 Quiz

a) y=0 b) y=2x c) y=2x-2

d) y=2x+2 e) None of the others

Answer: e
 Quizzes
If 1/f =1/u+1/v then du/dv is:

a) f/(v-f)2 b) –f2/(v-f)2

c) 2f2/(v-f)2 d)-2f2/(v-f)2

e) None of the others

Answer: b
Exercises

P.350: 1, 2, 3, 5
P.364: 50-77
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.3 Maxima and Minima

In this section, we will learn:

How to find the maximum
and minimum values of a function.
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES
Definition 1
A function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum)
at c if f(c) ≥ f(x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f.

The number f(c) is called

the maximum value of f
on D.
 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Definition 1

Similarly, f has an absolute minimum at c

if f(c) ≤ f(x) for all x in D and the number f(c)
is called the minimum value of f on D.

The maximum and minimum

values of f are called
the extreme values of f.
 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM Definition 2
VALUES
– A function f has a local maximum (or relative maximum) at c
if f(c) ≥ f(x) when x is near c.
– Similarly, f has a local minimum at c
if f(c) ≤ f(x) when x is near c.
 Maximum and Minimum Values (f)
• (1) Absolute (global) maximum abs max
• (2) Absolute (global) minimum abs min
• (3) Local (relative) maximum loc max
• (4) Local (relative) minimum loc min
 Examples

?
Abs max; abs min;
Abs max; abs min;
local max
local max; local min

Abs max; Abs max; abs min;

local max; local max;
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES
Example
The graph of the function
f(x) = 3x4 – 16x3 + 18x2, -1 ≤ x ≤ 4
is shown here.

f(1) = 5 is a local maximum

the absolute maximum is f(-1) = 37
f(0) = 0 is a local minimum and
f(3) = -27 is both a local
and an absolute minimum.
 EXTREME VALUE THEOREM
In the first figure, why isn’t 3 the absolute maximum value?

In the second, does it have the absolute maximum and minimum

value?
 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES
Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an
absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d)

at some numbers c and d in [a, b].

 FERMAT’S THEOREM
Theorem
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ’(c) exists, then
f ’(c) = 0.
Is it true if say that

“f’(c)=0 if f has local extreme value at c?”

Answer: It is false, see next

 CRITICAL NUMBERS Example

– The function f(x) = |x| has its (local and absolute)

minimum value at 0.
– f ’(0) does not exist.
 CRITICAL NUMBERS Definition
A critical number (giá trị tới hạn)
of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f ’(c)
= 0 or f ’(c) does not exist.
 CRITICAL NUMBERS
Theorem

If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then c is a critical

number of f.
 CLOSED INTERVAL METHOD
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a
continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
1. Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2. Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.
3. The largest value from 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum
value. The smallest is the absolute minimum value.
 CLOSED INTERVAL METHOD
• Example: find absolute extreme for the function f(x) = x 3-3x2+1 on the
interval [-1/2; 4].
• Solution: Since is continuous on [-1/2; 4], we can use the Closed
Interval Method:
f’(x) = 3x2-6x = 3x (x-2)
f’(x) = 0 <=> = 3x (x-2) = 0 => x = 0 or x = 2.
The values of f at these critical numbers are
f(0) = 1, f(2) = -3.
The values of f at the endpoints of the interval are
f(-1/2) = 1/8, f(4) = 17.
Comparing these four numbers, we see that the absolute maximum value is
f(4) = 17 and the absolute minimum value is f(2) = -3.
Select the correct ones.

a. If f’(c)=0 then f has the local maximum or minimum at c.

b. If f has the absolute minimum value at c then f’(c)=0.

c. If f is continuous on (a,b) then f attains an absolute maximum value

f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d) for some c and d in (a,b).

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.

Answer: e
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.4 The Mean Value Theorem

In this section, we will learn about:

The significance of the mean value theorem.
 ROLLE’S THEOREM

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three

hypotheses:

1. f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]

2. f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)

3. f(a) = f(b)
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that f’(c) = 0.
 ROLLE’S THEOREM

The figures show

the graphs of
four such functions.
Let f(x)=x3-2x2+x-5. Find the numbers c in the Rolle’s theorem?

Answer: f’(c)=0 iff c=1 or c= 1/3

MEAN VALUE THEOREM Equations 1 and 2
Let f be a function that fulfills two hypotheses:
1. f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
2. f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
f (b)  f (a)
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that f '(c) 
b a
or, equivalently, f (b)  f (a )  f '(c)(b  a )
 MEAN VALUE THEOREM

f ’(c) is the slope of the tangent line at (c, f(c)).

– There is at least one point P(c, f(c)) on the graph where
the slope of the tangent line is the same as the slope of
the secant line AB.
 Example
• Suppose that f(0) = -3 and f ’(x) ≤ 5 for all values of x.
– How large can f(2) possibly be?
Þ We are given that f is differentiable - and therefore
continuous - everywhere.
Þ In particular, we can apply the Mean Value Theorem on the
interval [0, 2].
– There exists a number c such that
f(2) – f(0) = f ’(c)(2 – 0)
– So, f(2) = – 3 + 2 f ’(c)
 Example

– We are given that f ’(x) ≤ 5 x

 f ’(c) ≤ 5.

 2 f ’(c) ≤ 10.

 f(2) = – 3 + 2 f ’(c) ≤ – 3 + 10 = 7
– The largest possible value for f(2) is 7.
 MEAN VALUE THEOREM

Theorem

If f ’(x) = 0 for all x in an interval (a, b), then f is

constant on (a, b).

Corollary
If f ’(x) = g’(x) for all x in an interval (a, b), then f – g is
constant on (a, b).

That is, f(x) = g(x) + c where c is a constant.

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.5 Derivatives and the Shapes of Graphs

In this section, we will learn:

How the derivative of a function gives us the direction
in which the curve proceeds at each point.
INCREASING/DECREASING TEST (I/D TEST)

a. If f’(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing

on that interval.
b. If f’(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on
that interval.
Answer: (A)
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function

f.
a. If f’ changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a
local maximum at c.
MEAN VALUE THEOREM

b. If f’ changes from negative to positive

at c, then f has a local minimum at c.
 MEAN VALUE THEOREM

c. If f’ does not change sign at c

then f has no local maximum or minimum at c.
CONCAVE UPWARD/DOWNWARD

– The curve lies above the tangents and f is called

concave upward (lõm lên) on (a, b).

– The curve lies below the tangents and g is called

concave downward (lõm xuống) on (a, b).
 CONCAVITY TEST
a. If f’’(x) > 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is
concave upward on I.
b. If f’’(x) < 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is
concave downward on I.
INFLECTION POINT—DEFINITION

A point P on a curve y = f(x) is called an inflection point

if f is continuous there and the curve changes
from concave upward to concave downward
(or from concave downward to concave upward at P).
Answer: (-1,f(-1)),(1,f(1)),(3,f(3)),(6,f(6))
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

Suppose f’’ is continuous near c.

a. If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) > 0,
then f has a local minimum at c.
b. If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) < 0,
then f has a local maximum at c.
 Choose the correct one.
A If f has local extreme value at c then f’(c)=0.
B If f’(c)=0 then f has local extreme value at c.
If f’’(3)=0 then (3,f(3)) is an inflection point
C
of f.
There exists a function such that f’(x) is
D
nonzero for all x and f(1)=f(0).
E None of the above
Answer:
e
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.6 Limit at Infinity and Asymtotes

Limits at Infinity and Assymtotes
 DEFINITIONS
• x=a is called the vertical asymptote of f(x) if we have one of
the following:
Limits at Infinity and Assymtotes

Example: Find the asymptotes of the function

x3  1
f ( x)  3
x  x2  2
Example:
Example:
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.7 Applied Optimization Problems

In this section, we will learn:

How to solve problems involving
maximization and minimization of factors.
Find two positive numbers such that the sum is 24
and the product is the largest?

Find two positive numbers such that the product is 36

and the sum is the smallest?

Answer: 12,12, and 6,6

APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example 2

A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a

rectangular field that borders a straight river. He needs no
fence along the river.

– What are the dimensions of the field that has the

largest area ?
Example 2
APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example

This figure illustrates

the general case.

We wish to maximize the area A of the rectangle.

– Then, we express A in terms of x and y: A(x,y) = xy
– 2x + y = 2400
– So, A(x) = 2400x – 2x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1200
– A’(x) = 2400 – 4x,
APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example

So to find the critical numbers we solve the equation:

2400 – 4x = 0 => x=600.
Since
A(0) = 0
A(600) = 720 000
A(1200) = 0.
Thus the rectangular field should be 600 ft deep and 1200 ft wide.
APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example

A man launches his boat from point A on a

bank of a straight river, 3 km wide, and wants
to reach point B (8 km downstream on the
opposite bank) as quickly as possible.
If he can row 6 km/h and run 8 km/h, where
should he land to reach B as soon as
possible?
APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example
If we let x be the distance from C to D , then the running distance is
|DB| = 8 – x and the Pythagorean Theorem gives the rowing
distance as |AD| = x 2  9
distance
We use the equation: time=
rate

– Then, the rowing time is: x2  9 / 6

– The running time is: (8 – x)/8

– So, the total time T as a function of x is:

x2  9 8  x
T ( x)  
6 8
APPLIED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Example

The domain of this function is [0, 8] .

x 1
 T '( x)  
6 x2  9 8
9
 T '( x) 0  x 
7

We evaluate T at all three points:

 9 
T 0  1.5 T  1.33 T 8 1.42
 7
Thus the man should land the boat at a point km 9 / 7 ( km)
downstream from his starting point .
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.9 Newton’s Method

In this section, we will learn:

How to solve high-degree equations
using Newton’s method.
NUMERICAL ROOTFINDERS

How do those numerical root finders work?

– They use a variety of methods.

– Most, though, make some use of Newton’s method, also

called the Newton-Raphson method.
 NEWTON’S METHOD

We start with a first approximation x1, which is obtained by one of

the following methods:
– Guessing
– A rough sketch
of the graph of f
– A computer-
generated graph of f
 NEWTON’S METHOD

Consider the tangent line L to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x1,
f(x1)) and look at the x-intercept of L, labeled x2.
 SECOND APPROXIMATION

As the x-intercept of L is x2, we set y = 0 and obtain:

0 - f(x1) = f’(x1)(x2 - x1)
If f’(x1) ≠ 0, we can solve this equation for x2:
f ( x1 )
x2  x1 
f '( x1 )

We use x2 as a second approximation to r.

 SUBSEQUENT APPROXIMATION

In general, if the nth approximation is xn and

f’(xn) ≠ 0, then the next approximation is given by:

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn 
f '( xn )
 CONVERGENCE
If the numbers xn become closer and closer to r as n becomes
large, then we say that the sequence converges to r and we write:

lim xn r
n 
 NEWTON’S METHOD Example

Starting with x1 =2 , find the third approximation to the root of the equation
x3 – 2x – 5 = 0.

SOLUTION We apply Newton’s method with

f  x  x 3  2 x  5 and f '  x  3x 2  2

We have xn3  2 xn  5
xn 1  xn 
3 xn2  2
 x2 2.1
 x3 2.0946
 NEWTON’S METHOD Example

Use Newton’s method to find correct to eight decimal

places.

– First, we observe that finding is equivalent to

finding the positive root of the equation x6 – 2 = 0

– So, we take f(x) = x6 – 2

– Then, f’(x) = 6x5

 NEWTON’S METHOD
Example

So, Formula 2 (Newton’s method) becomes:

xn6  2
xn 1  xn 
6 xn5
 NEWTON’S METHOD Example

Choosing x1 = 1 as the initial approximation, we obtain:

– As x5 and x6 agree to eight decimal places, we

conclude that
6
2 1.12246205 to eight decimal places.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.10 Antiderivatives

In this section, we will learn about:

Antiderivatives and how they are useful
in solving certain scientific problems.
Definition

A function F is called an
antiderivative of f on an interval I if
F’(x) = f(x) for all x in I.
ANTIDERIVATIVES
Theorem

If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I,
the most general antiderivative of f on I is

F(x) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
ANTIDERIVATIVE FORMULA

Here, we list some particular antiderivatives.

 RECTILINEAR MOTION Example

A particle moves in a straight line and has acceleration given

by a(t) = 6t + 4.

Its initial velocity is v(0) = -6 cm/s and its initial

displacement is s(0) = 9 cm.

– Find its position function s(t).

Example
A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity at
time t is given by 3 sin 2t.
Assuming it starts at the origin, where is it at t = π
seconds?

a. 0 b. 3/2 c. ½ d. - 1/2

Answer: a
 Summary
• Maximum and Minimum Values
• The Mean Value Theorem
• f’ and f’’ say about f
• Optimization Problems
• Newton’s Method
• Anti-derivatives