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1.PIOT Unit I PPT

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jgangadhar.cse
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PPT ON

Internet of Things(IOT)
B.TECH VI Semester (R 18)
MODULE – 1
SYLLABUS :

MODULE-I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

Definition and characteristics of IoT, physical design of IoT,


logical design of IoT, IoT enabling technologies, IoT levels and
deployment, domain specific IoTs.
Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, “Internet of Things: A
Hands-on-Approach”, VPT, 1st Edition, 2014
PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC
OUTCOMES MAPPED WITH MODULE-I
PO 1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the
solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO 3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO 10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering
activities with the Engineering community and with society at large, such
as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
Contents
 Definition IOT

 Characteristics of IoT

 Physical design of IoT

 Logical design of IoT

 IoT enabling technologies

 IoT levels and deployment

 Domain specific IoTs. 6


INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

Introduction

Definition of IoT:
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and
are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often
communicate data associated with users and their environments.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
 Dynamic & Self-Adapting : IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or
sensed environment.
 Self-Configuring : Ability to configure themselves (in association
with the IoT infrastructure).
 Interoperable Communication Protocols : IoT devices support a
number of interoperable communication protocols.
 Unique Identity : Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier(such as an IP address (or) a URI)
 Integrated into Information Network :
-IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe

themselves(and their characteristics) to other devices(or) user


applications.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
Eg: Weather monitoring node can describe its
monitoring capabilities to another connected node so
that they can communicate and exchange data.
-Integration into the information network helps in
making IoT systems ”smarter” due to the collective
intelligence of the individual devices in collaboration
with the infrastructure.
-The data from a large number of connected weather
monitoring IoT model can be aggregated and
analyzed to predict the weather.
PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT

 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly).
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally.
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application
back-ends for processing the data.
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints.
GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN IOT DEVICE
GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN IOT DEVICE

 An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to


other devices, both wired and wireless.
 I/O interfaces for sensors.
 Interfaces for Internet connectivity.
 Memory and storage interfaces.
 Audio/video interfaces.
IoT Devices
IoT Protocols
IoT Protocols
1. Link Layer :
Link Layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by
the hardware device over the medium to which the host is
attached (such as coaxial cable).
Protocols:
 802.3 – Ethernet :
-IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer.
- 802.3 is the standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable
as a shared medium.
- 802.3.i is the standard for 10BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted-pair
connections.
- 802.3.j is the standard for 10BASE-F Ethernet over fiber optic
connections.
- 802.3ae is the standard for 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber.
- These standards provide data rates from 10Mb/s to 40Gb/s and
higher.
IoT Protocols
 802.11 – WiFi :
-IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless local area network(WLAN)
communication standards.
- 802.11a operates in the 5GHz band.
- 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4GHz band,
- 802.11n operates in the 2.4/5GHz bands
- 802.11ac operates in the 5GHz band
- 802.11ad operates in the 60GHz band
- These standards provide data rates from 1Mb/s to upto 6.75Gb/s.
 802.16 – WiMax :
-IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including extensive descriptions for the link layer(also called WiMax).
- WiMax standards provide data rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1.5Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
- The recent update (802.16m) provides data rates of 100Mbit/s for mobile
stations
and 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations.
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication
IoT Protocols
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN :
- IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal area
networks (LR-WPANs).
-These standards form the basis of specifications for high level communication

protocols such as ZigBee.


- LR-WPAN standard provide data rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s.
- These standards provide low-cost and low-speed communication for
constrained devices.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication :
- There are different generations of mobile communication standards including
second generation(2G including GSM and CDMA)
third generation(3G including UMTS and CDMA2000)
fourth generation(4G including LTE).
- IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over cellular networks.
- These standards provide data rates from the range 9.6Kb/s(for 2G) to upto
100Mb/s(for 4G).
IoT Protocols
2. Network/Internet Layer
- Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to destination n/w.
performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destination address.
Protocols:
- IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w
using a hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2**32 addresses.
- IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2**128 addresses.
-6LOWPAN: ( IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network ) brings
IP protocol to the low-power devices which have limited processing
capability.6LOWPAN operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer
250 kb/s.
3. Transport Layer:
-Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP. Provides
functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
- TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and

HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless


protocol. IP protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of
protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
- UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time
sensitive applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and
stateless protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and
duplicate elimination.
IoT Protocols
4. Application Layer:
Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to send

data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports.


Protocols:
- HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow
request-response model Stateless protocol.
It uses Universal Resource Identifier(URI) to identify HTTP resources.
- CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and
constrained n/w. Uses client-server architecture.
- WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connection.
- MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging
protocol based on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture.
well suited for constrained environment.
IoT Protocols
- XMPP:Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time
communication and streaming XML data between network entities.
Support client-server and server-server communication.
- DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards
for device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication. Uses
publish-subscribe model.
- AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer
protocol for business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and
publish-subscribe model.
LOGICAL DESIGN OF IoT
LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT
 Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation
of the entities and processes without going into the low-level
specifics of the implementation.
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control functions.
 Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
• Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of IoT system.
IoT Communication Models

Request-Response Communication Model


Publish-Subscribe Communication Model
Push-Pull Communication Model
Exclusive Pair Communication Model
REQUEST-RESPONSE COMMUNICATION MODEL
REQUEST-RESPONSE COMMUNICATION MODEL

 Request-Response is a communication model in which the client


sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
 When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond,
fetches the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the response to the client.
PUBLISH-SUBSCRIBE COMMUNICATION MODEL
PUBLISH-SUBSCRIBE COMMUNICATION MODEL

 Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves


publishers, brokers and consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the
broker.
 When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.
PUSH-PULL COMMUNICATION MODEL
PUSH-PULL COMMUNICATION MODEL

 Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers


push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the
queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
 Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers
and consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and
the rate at which the consumers pull data.
EXCLUSIVE PAIR COMMUNICATION MODEL
EXCLUSIVE PAIR COMMUNICATION MODEL

 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model


that uses a persistent connection between the client and server.
 Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends
a request to close the connection.
 Client and server can send messages to each other after connection
setup.
IoT Communication APIs

REST-Based Communication APIs


WebSocket-Based Communication APIs
IoT Communication APIs
 An API (Application Programming Interface is an interface used by programs to access an
application.
 It allows a program to send commands to another programs and receive responses back
from that application.
 Basically a normal interface (user Interface) allows a person to use an application/service
whereas an Application Interface allows a computer/program to use an
application/service.
 Many of the APIs today are Web API’s and are designed to use the HTTP protocol.
 An Application Program Interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software
applications; it specifies how software components should interact.
 APIs are tightly linked with IoT because they allow you to securely expose connected devices to
customers, go-to-market channels, and other applications in your IT infrastructure.
REST-based Communication APIs
REST-based Communication APIs

 Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural


principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
 REST APIs follow the request response communication model.
 The REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia
system.
Request-Response model used by REST:
The REST architectural constraints

• Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.


Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.

• Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to
understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.

• Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be
implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able,
then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.

• Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot
see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.

• User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and
a server must be uniform.

• Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in
their context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.
WebSocket-based Communication APIs
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional, full duplex communication


between clients and servers.
 WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.
IoT Enabling Technologies
Wireless Sensor Networks
Cloud Computing
Big Data Analytics
Communication Protocols
Embedded Systems
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

 An IoT system comprises of the following components:


 Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about
various examples of IoT devices in section.
 Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT
device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information,
or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access for
the device.
 Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

 Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and


stores the data generated by the IoT device.
 Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device, application, database and analysis components. Web
service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).
 Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are
easy for the user to understand.
 Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users
can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Applications also allow users to view the system status
and view the processed data.
IoT LEVEL-1
IoT LEVEL-1

 A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing


and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the
application
 Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
IoT LEVEL-2
IoT LEVEL-2

 A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud-based.
 Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data
involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
IoT LEVEL-3
IoT LEVEL-3

 A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed
in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data
involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive and analysis need to be done on cloud.
IoT LEVEL-4
IoT LEVEL-4
 A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 Level-4 contains local and cloud-based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT
devices.
 Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes
are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
IoT LEVEL-5
IoT LEVEL-5

 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator
node.
 The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
 Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to
the cloud.
 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
 Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.
IoT LEVEL-6
IoT LEVEL-6

 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that


perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.
 The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
 The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to the nodes.
UNIT- II
IoT AND M2M

68

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