Vestor College of Management

(Affiliated to Patliputra University, Patna)

Project Report on

“Reliance Foundation” - Paper 4

In partial fulfillment of the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Business Management (B B M)

Under the faculty of Business Management

2023 - 2026

Guide’s Name: Anupam Kumar Student Name: P r i n c e K u m a r

Designation: Visited Faculty Reg No. : 202346800073

Roll No. : 2446840070071

 Certificate of Originality

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Reliance Foundation”

Submitted to Vestor College of Management in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Business Management, is an original work carried out by Mr. Prince Kumar

Registration No. : 202346800073 under the guidance of Mr. Anupam Kumar

The matter embodied in this project is a genuine work done by the student and has not been submitted whether to this
University or to any other University / Institute for the fulfillment of the requirement of any course of study.

Prince Kumar Mr. Anupam Kumar

Visiting Faculty
 Declaration

I the undersigned, a BBM student of Vestor College of

Management bearing registration number: 202346800073 do

solemnly declare that project work titled “Reliance Foundation” is

based on my own work, carried out under the supervision of guide Mr.
Anupam Kumar I assert that the statements
made are the outcome of my work. I ensure that project work is original,
not a copy paste job and consequences of plagiarism. I affirm that this
project work has not been submitted whether to this University or to any
other University/Institute for the fulfillment of the requirement of any course
of study.
 Guide Details
Anupam Kumar, Assistant Professor (Visiting faculty) is a

senior journalist, presently working as Dy. Chief Reporter of Prabhat

Khabar Patna. He has written more than 100 articles on micro and

macroeconomics and managerial skill

in marketing management.
WHX”I IS For xDai low
Lowest part of a structure directly in contact with the ground and transmits
all the loads to the sub-soil below it.

Majority of swucture fails due to failure of their foundation

To suppor structure
Distributes the loads over a larger area
Minimizes the differential settlements
Increases stability & prevents
overturning
Distribute non-uniform load uniformly to
the soil
Foundation and Footing are same?
•Foundation: Part of the structure which is in direct contact with the
ground to which the loads are transmitted.

•Footing: Lower most portion of foundation which

is in direct contact with the sub soil is called footing.

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Add untaqes:
Cost (affordable)
Construction Procedure
(simple) Material (mostly
concrete) Labour (doesn't need
expertise)

Dis‹id› ‹intakes:
Settlement
Foundation gets subjected to pullout, torsion etc
Irregular ground surface(slope, retaining wall)
 I YPES Ol SHALLOW I OUNDAl ION

1) SPREAD FOOTING
i) Continuous fOoting (strip or wdll)
ii) Isolated column footing a)
Square
b) Circular
c) Rectangular
iii) Inverted arch footing
iv) Reinforced concrete footings
2) STRAP FOOTING
3) COMBINED FOOTING
i) Rectangular
ii) Trapezoidal
4) RAFT FOUNDATION
5) GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
 SPREAD FOOTING
Carries a single column
Used to spread out loads from walls of columns over a wider
area
Consists of concrete slabs located under each structural
column and a continuous slab under load-bearing walls.
Commonly used due to their low cost & ease of
construction.
Used in small to medium size structures with moderate to
good soil condition.
For high rise buildings it is not efficient.
 Wall Footing

Simple wall Wall footing with

footing without masonry offsets
masonry offsets (Stepped wall footing)
(SBC is high) (SBC is low)
LOORIN
O.P.
G
C
 STRIP/WALL FOOTING

A spread footing for a continuous wall is called strip

footing. (Used to support load bearing walls)
Used on soft soils to reduce depth of foundation.
End columns must be strong to resist outward
pressure caused by arch action.
 R P INFORC“F D ONC“R FTF. F€JOTI
Ci
Used where the walls are subjected to heavy loads
& sOil bearing capacity is low

COLUIVI H
REINF0RCEIvIEH7

5 TIRRUPS

@TING
REINFORCENEFIT
 ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

Used to support individual columns.

t•i 4s c+knee sl
 COI¥f DINED FOOTING
Supports two columns
the two columns are so close to each other that their
individual footings would overlap
one column is placed right at the property line
C.G. of column load and centroid of the footing should
coincide
COLUMNS

COMBINED
FOOTING
 COMBINED FOOTING

Rectangular footing Trapezoidal footing

A COMBINED FOOTING WILL DEFORM AS SHOWN IN FIG BELOW

The eccentric loading condition upon the left end,

due to the restrictions of a property line, will
generate tensile stresses on the top of the footing.

T
T
Loagitudioa1Bes›dtag

7
L J
Two isolated footings connected with a strap or
beam Connects in such a way that they behave as
one
The unit
strap acts as a connecting beam and does not take any
soil reaction. The strap is designed as rigid beam.
It does not provide bearing

COLUMN
S

STRAP

FOOTING
S
to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior
column.
Used to transmit the moment caused from an eccentricity to the
interior
Can be used instead of combined footing if the distance
between two columns is large
More economical than combined footings

. .. .

.. ..... .

.. ..,..
RAFT FOUNDATION

Large reinforced concrete slab supporting no. of

columns & walls
area of spread footings or combined footings exceeds
about 50 percent of the gross area of the building
Greater weight & continuity of a mat provides sufficient
resistance
Groun Scree Insulation DPM Raft Foundations.
d d Consolldated wlth Steel
Hardcor Relnforcement Bars
e
RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION
RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION
Structural loads are heavy or the soil condition is
poor Soft or loose soils having less bearing capacity
Foundation soil is non-homogeneous and prone to
excessive differential settlements
Lateral loads are non-uniform
Columns are so close that their individual footings
would overlap
To resist water pressures when groundwater extends above
the floor level of the lowest basement of a building
There is a large variation in the loads on individual
columns
 C›RILLAC.E I OUNDA I ION

Used to transmit heavy loads from steel columns to a soil having low
bearing capacity
Avoids deep excavation
Reduces pressure intensity
Lighter & economical
Used in masonry bridge
seat, bus stands,

railways etc
Made up of a rolled
steel joints (RSJ) known
as grillage beams
l“¿pes of tirillage
formulation
Steel grillage foundation
Timber grillage foundation
A type of foundation oñen used at the base of
It consists of one, two or more tiers of steel
a column.
beams superimposed on a layer of concrete,
adjacent tiers being placed at right angles to
each other, while all tiers are encased in
concrete.
This is dependable foundation and is used in
those place where the load of the structure
is pretty and bearing capacity of soil
comparatively poor
The grillage foundation helps in distributing
the load
over a wider area of subsoil.
The grillage foundation helps in avoiding
deep excavations as the necessary base area
is provided for the load of transmission
This type of foundation generally used for
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
Consists of rolled steel
joists in single or
double tiers
 TIMBER GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

Uses timber planks &

timber beams
No concrete is 6T0
embedded between Oc
the timber joists 4SY06O
to
Used in waterlogged
areas
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION FOR WOODEN/TIMBER POST
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Add untaqes:
Cost (affordable)
Construction Procedure
(simple) Material (mostly
concrete) Labour (doesn't need
expertise)

Dis‹id› ‹intakes:
Settlement
Foundation gets subjected to pullout, torsion etc
Irregular ground surface(slope, retaining wall)
 TYPF.S OF DF.EP FOUNDATION

1) PILE FOUNDATION
2) CAISSONS OR WELL FOUNDATION
3) COFFER DAMS
 1 ) Pile
foilncl:ltlOl2
Classification of pile foundation

-Anchor: Provide anchorage against horizontal pull...

-Fender and dolphins: Protect against impact from ships.

-Sheet: To reduce seepage and uplift under

hydraulic structures like dams...
 1 ) Pile
foilncl:ltlOl2
Classification of pile foundation

-Anchor: Provide anchorage against horizontal pull...

-Fender and dolphins: Protect against impact from ships.

-Sheet: To reduce seepage and uplift under

hydraulic structures like dams...
 1 ) Pile
foilncl:ltlOl2
Classification of pile foundation

-Anchor: Provide anchorage against horizontal pull...

-Fender and dolphins: Protect against impact from ships.

-Sheet: To reduce seepage and uplift under

hydraulic structures like dams...
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St-lEET PIL E

FO UNO ATION PILE

ØATT E R P IL E

FEND ER PILE

A NCH 0 R
PILE

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 PL A TED
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ARK f1OJg PIL

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 Types of Pile Foundation

Constructio
Materials Installation Load Transfer
n
Type
Method

• Timber Cast in-situ Replacement EndBearing

piles piles

• Concrete Pre-cast Displacement piles Friction piles

End bearing
• Steel
cum
Friction Piles

Composite
Under reamed piles

Under reamed piles are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles

having one or more number of bulbs formed by enlarging the
pile stem.

These piles are best suited in soils where considerable

ground movements occur due to seasonal variations, filled
up grounds or in soft soil strata.

Provision of under reamed bulbs has the advantage of

increasing the bearing and uplift capacities. It also provides
better anchorage at greater depths.

These piles are efficiently used in machine foundations, over

bJlk es, electrical transmission tower foundation
sand w a t e r
S
 I6NE
D
F LO O R
1) Caissi)ns
O The word caissons derived from the French word caisse meaning a box
O Box like structure, round or rectangular which sunk from the
surface of either land or water to some desired depth
Used for placing foundation under water
O
 Tv es of Caissons

Box caisson Open caisson or wells Pneumatic caisson

(open at top (open at top and (closed at top and
and closed at bottom) open at bottom)
bottom)

Single, Multiple and

Cylinder
 BoX calssons
o Strong water tight vessel
o Built on land and floated up to site and then sink in to the
water
oUsed when loads are not heavy
o Bearing stratum is available at shallow depth
oWater depth is 6 to 8 m
o Foundation bed not required
oMaterial is loose
 C);»en or Well cmlSSt3l4
S
o Used for buildings and bridgeWell
whereFoHlâd:ition)
soil liable to
scour
o No firm bed is available
o It is useful when well foundation is not
possible
o Depth of water 12 to 35 m
1) Ci)ffcrdams

o Cofferdam is a temporary structure which is built in a river, lake

or dam to remove water from the area and make possible to
conswuct
o Require in dams, docks and bridge pier
 Tvpes of Cofferdams
1. Earth fill
cofferdani
3. Rock fi11 crib cofferdam
4. Single wall cofferdam
5. Double wall cofferdam

GU* Ö E È'l
LE
6. Cellular cofferdam

o Mostly used for de-watering areas in places where depth of water is from
18 to 21 m
o Two types 1. Diaphragm cellular cofferdam
2. Circular cellular cofferdam

Circular cellular
cofferdam
Diaphragm cellular
cofferd
 CAISSON COFFERD
o Permanent structure o Temporary structure used
used for placing foundation for construction work under
in correct position reasonably dry condition and
o It is build on dry bed, demolished after completion of
floated to the desired site work
and sunk to desired depth o It is build in river or lake
o Preferred when work area o Preferred when work area is
is small and water depth large and water depth is small
is more o Used where driving of sheet
o Used where driving of pile is easily possible
sheet pile is impossible
 FI)UNDATIf)N IN BLACK Ct)TTf)N St)IL

o Black cotton soil is very dangerous to place foundation and bearing

capacity
is about 50 to 100 kn/m*
o Variation in the volume change of soil extent from 20 to 30 % of original
volume
o Alternate swelling and shrinkage results in formation of cracks which
are of 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep
T„› , «ı‘ r»«»aation in lilack cotton
soil

Foundation in black cotton soil

o Suitable when swelling pressure is high and having high
shrinkage properties
o Used at place where high rainfall
2. Pier Foundation
o Suitable foe wall carrying higher load
o Gap between arch and ground would permit free vertical movement of
soil during swelling and shrinkage
 Precaution I or 1 he Safet›’ of £ oundation lii Hlack Cotton
Soil
o For heavy structure raft or pile foundation is preferable
o If possible remove black cotton soil
o Construction work should be carried out in dry season
o Black cotton soil not allowed to come in direct contact with the
foundation
o R.C.C. bands 10 to 15 cm deep should placed at plinth, lintel level
o Gap on either side of foundation should filled with sand
o Below foundation, 30 cm thick layer of moorum must provided
PRIMARY FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION CHOICE:
Sub-surface soil
Ground water table
conditions Type of structure
Magnitude of load

SECONDARY FACTORS
AFFECTING FOUNDATION
CHOICE:
Construction access, methods and site
conditions Environmental factors
Building Codes and
Regulations Impact on
surrounding structures
Construction schedule
 C.IiOUND \v‹¥1«1i 1i¥DL« «ONDIIIONS

Presence of groundwater near a footing is undesirable

because:
Footing construction below GWT is difficult and expensive,
Groundwater around a footing can reduce the strength of
soils, It may also cause hydrostatic uplift,
Frost action may
increase, Waterproofing
problems.
If Ground water table is high, raft or
grillage foundation is desirable.
If ground water table is low or at a high depth from foundation
thdn column foundation is desirable.
 Foundation Possibilities
Subsoil Conditions Light, Flexible Heavy, Rigid Structure
Structure
Deep Compact or Stiff Footing Foundations Footing Foundations or
Deposit Shallow Mat
Deep Compressible Strata Footing Foundations on Deep Mat with Possible
Compacted Granular Zone*. or Rigid
Shallow Mat*. or Construction in
Friction Piles Basement, or Long Piles
or Caissons to By- Pass,
or
Friction Piles
Soft or Loose Strata Bearing Piles or Piers, or Bearing Piles or Piers, or
Overlying Footing Foundations on Deep Mat
Firm Strata Compacted Granular
Zone°, or Shallow Mat°
Compact or Stiff Layer Footing Foundations“. or Deep Mat (Floating). or
Overlying Soft Deposit Shallow Mat* Long Piles or Caissons to
By-
pass Soft Deposit
Alternating Soft and Stiff Footing Foundations°. or Deep Mat. or
Layers Shallow Mat* Piles or Caissons to
Underlying Firm
Stratum to provide
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA