MODULE

INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

 Learning Objectives
By the end of this session you will be able to:
1. Have knowledge on basic infection prevention practices
2. *Demonstrate in groups basic infection prevention
practices
*Specific objective 2, will be carried out during each
specific method, and during the clinical practicum
Infection Prevention and
Control

•It is the collective effort made by health

care providers and clients to prevent or
minimize the risks of transmitting
infections to clients or to other health
care providers
Infection Prevention
• IP in reproductive health and health care facilities has two objectives:
• To prevent major post-operative infections when providing clinical
contraceptive methods (e.g., IUCDs, injectables, implants, and male and
female voluntary sterilization); and
• Prevent the transmission of serious diseases, such as hepatitis B and HIV, not
only to clients, but also to service providers and staff
 Advantages of Infection
Prevention
• Prevents post procedure infections
• Results in high-quality, safe services
• Prevents infections in staff
• Protects the community
• Prevents the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms
• Lowers the cost of health care
 Standard Precautions

Definition
•A simple set of effective practices designed to protect
health workers and patients from infection with a range of
pathogens including blood-borne viruses.
• Help break the disease-transmission cycle at the
mode of transmission step
• These practices are used when caring for all
patients regardless of diagnosis.
 Universal Precautions
• Hand hygiene (water and soap or alcohol rub).
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such gloves,
eye protection or face shields, and gowns, when
appropriate.
• Correctly process instruments, other items used in clinical
procedures, and client-care equipment.
• Prevention of needle stick and injuries from other sharp
instruments
• Maintain correct environmental cleanliness and waste-
disposal practices.
• Handle, transport, and process used/soiled linen correctly.
Recommended IP
practices for FP providers
• Consider every person (client or staff) potentially infectious
• Wash hands. This is the most practical procedure for preventing cross-
contamination (person to person)
• Wear gloves before touching anything wet, such as broken skin, mucous
membranes, blood, or other body fluids (secretions or excretions); soiled
instruments; and other items
• Use safe work practices, such as not recapping or bending needles,
safely passing sharp instruments, and properly disposing of medical
waste
• Isolate patients only if disease is contagious and secretions (airborne)
or excretions (urine or faeces) cannot be contained
• Get vaccinated for hepatitis B virus (HBV)
 The Disease Transmission Cycle
Reservoirs
Susceptible Hosts People
Clients Water and solutions
Service Providers Instruments and other items
Ancillary staff Equipment
Community members Soil and air

Infectious Agents:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Places of Entry
Broken skin Places of Exit
Puncture wound Respiratory, genitourinary,
Surgical site Modes of Transmission vascular systems
Mucous membrones Contact Gastrointestinal tract
Vehicle Skin
Airborne Mucous Membranes
Vector Placenta
 Example Transmission of Hepatitis B

Susceptible Hosts
Uninfected Reservoir
service provider Chronic hepatitis B virus
Carrier

Infectious
Agents
Places of Entry
Hepatitis B
Cut on a service provider’s hand
Virus
Places of Exit
Modes of Transmission Bloodstream
Vehicle (surgical instrument)
 Hand washing
• Types of hand hygiene:
• Hand washing with plain
soap and running water
• Alcohol hand rub
• Hand scrub
• After hand washing air
dry or dry with disposable
towel
• DON’T use communal
towel
 Types of Personal protective equipment used in
healthcare settings

• Gowns/aprons Skin, Clothing

• Gloves
Hands
• Goggles
PROTECT Eyes
• Face shields

• Masks and respirators

Face, Mouth,
Nose, Eyes
Mouth, Nose,
Respiratory Tract
Wearing gloves

Wear Wear single-use examination gloves for

procedures that touch intact mucous
gloves membranes Gloves are not necessary for giving
injections.
Change gloves between procedures on the
same client and between clients.

Do not touch clean equipment or surfaces with

dirty gloves or bare hands.

Wear clean utility gloves when cleaning soiled

instruments and equipment, handling waste,
and cleaning blood or body fluid spills.
Antiseptics and
Disinfectants
Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Antiseptics: Disinfectants:
• Use on skin and mucous • Use to kill microorganisms on
membranes to kill inanimate objects
microorganisms • Not for use on skin or mucous
• Not for use on inanimate objects
membranes
• High-level versus low-level
disinfectants
Antiseptic & where to use
Antiseptic Use
Surgical Preprocedure Mucous Membranes, Such as
Handscrub Skin the Vagina and Cervix
Preparation

Alcohol Yes Yes No

Chlorhexidine Yes Yes Yes. However, products containing

gluconate with or chlorhexidine may not be the best
without cetrimide antiseptics for use in the genital
area because of the small
potential for irritation.

Hexachlorophene No No No
 Antiseptic & where to use cont’d
Antiseptic Use
Surgical Preprocedure Mucous Membranes, Such as
Handscrub Skin the Vagina and Cervix
Preparation
Iodine, including No Yes No
tincture of iodine
(iodine and
alcohol)
Iodophors Yes Yes Yes

Para-chloro- Yes, but not Yes, but not Yes, Caution: PCMX preparations
meta-xylenol recommended for recommended containing alcohol should not be
(PCMX, routine use for routine use used on mucous membranes.
chloroxylenol)
Disposal of needles and sharps

• Handle all sharps minimally after use

• Use extreme care whenever sharps are handled
• Dispose of sharps in puncture-resistant containers
• Pass sharps using the “hands-free technique”
• Do NOT recap needles
Processing of instruments and
other items
Processing of
Instruments and
Other Items
 Steps of Processing Instruments/
Items
Cleaning (with soapy water and
rinsing with clean water

High-Level
Sterilization Disinfections

Steam Dry Chemical Steam

Under
Boiling Chemical
Heat
Pressure

Use or Storage
 Instrument
Processing

Clean
Sterilize High-Level Disinfect
Chemical Boil
High pressure steam Steam
Dry heat Chemical

Dry/Cool and Store

Preparing a Dilute Chlorine
Solution
Using Liquid Bleach
Chlorine is Liquid bleach comes in different concentrations. You can use any
concentration to make a dilute chlorine solution by using the following
formula:

% chlorine liquid bleach - 1 = parts of water per part of bleach

% chlorine desired

Examples: To make a 0.5% chlorine solution from 3.5%bleach:

3.5% - 1 = [7] – 1 = 6 parts water for each part bleach
0.5%
Therefore, you must add 1 part bleach to 6 parts water to make a 0.5%
chlorine solution
Cleaning Instruments and
Other Items
Instrument processing

Instrument Decontaminate all instruments by soak

items in a 0.5% chlorine solution for 10
Processing minutes
Clean instruments with brush, detergent
and clean water. HLD and sterilization is not
effective without proper cleaning
High-level disinfect instruments that touch
intact mucous membranes

Sterilize instruments that touch tissue

beneath the skin/broken skin
Preparing a Dilute Chlorine
Solution
Using Liquid Bleach
Chlorine is Liquid bleach comes in different concentrations. You can use any
concentration to make a dilute chlorine solution by using the following
formula:

% chlorine liquid bleach - 1 = parts of water per part of bleach

% chlorine desired

Examples: To make a 0.5% chlorine solution from 3.5%bleach:

3.5% - 1 = [7] – 1 = 6 parts water for each part bleach
0.5%
Therefore, you must add 1 part bleach to 6 parts water to make a 0.5%
chlorine solution
Instrument Decontaminate
Processing

Sterilization High-Level
Clean Disinfect
1. Chemical
2. High pressure 1. Boil
steam 2. Steam
3. Dry heat 3. Chemical

Dry/Cool and Store

 Steps of Processing
Instruments/ Items
Decontamination

Cleaning
High-Level
Sterilization Disinfections

Steam Dry Chemical Steam

Under
Boiling Chemical
Heat
Pressure

Use or Storage
Pelvic Examination

Do pelvic Pelvic examinations are not needed for

exam most
family planning methods—only for female
only
sterilization and the IUCD
when
necessary
Waste Disposal
Types of Waste
• General waste – non hazardous, poses no risk of injury or
infection
• Medical waste – material generated in a diagnosis, treatment,
and/or immunization, including:
• Hazardous chemical waste – chemicals that are potentially toxic
or poisonous
 Importance of proper waste disposal

• Minimizes spread of infection to health workers,

patients and the local community
• Reduced risk of accidental injury to those who handle
the waste
• Reduced likelihood of contamination of soil, ground
water etc.
• Reduces attraction of insects and rodents
• Reduced odours.
Guidelines for Disposal of
Medical Waste
• Use washable, leak-proof containers
• Keep containers in convenient places
• Empty containers daily or when three-quarters full
• Never put hands into containers
Guidelines for Disposal of
Medical Waste (Cont’|d)
•Always dispose of medical waste
correctly
•Wear utility gloves and shoes
•Wash the gloves and your hands
afterward
COLOUR CODING FOR WASTE
SEGREGATION
Category Example Colour of bin

Non-infectious Papers, food Black

cartons,
Infectious Gloves, Yellow
dressings, body
fluids
Highly Anatomical Red
infectious waste
Medical Waste
Segregation
Housekeeping
Housekeeping
General cleaning and maintenance of cleanliness
• Reduces the number of microorganisms
and thus, the risk of infections
• Provides an appealing environment
 General Guidelines for
Housekeeping
• Schedules should be posted and followed
• Wear utility gloves and shoes when cleaning client-care
areas
• Minimize scattering of dust and dirt
• Scrub when cleaning
• Wash from top to bottom
• Change cleaning solutions when they are dirty
Room Arrangement

• Put everything in the right place

• Make all equipment and supplies needed
accessible
• Arrange the room so that you can move
around easily and safely
THANK YOU