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Atomic Absorption Spectros

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific metal elements in a sample by measuring absorbed light at characteristic wavelengths. The method involves atomization of the sample, light absorption by free atoms, and measurement of the absorbed light intensity, which correlates with element concentration. AAS has applications in pharmaceuticals, industry, mining, and trace element analysis in food and cosmetics.

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18 views29 pages

Atomic Absorption Spectros

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific metal elements in a sample by measuring absorbed light at characteristic wavelengths. The method involves atomization of the sample, light absorption by free atoms, and measurement of the absorbed light intensity, which correlates with element concentration. AAS has applications in pharmaceuticals, industry, mining, and trace element analysis in food and cosmetics.

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ATOMIC

ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction

• Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is defined as

the measurement and interpretation of the

absorbed radiation in atomic level.

• This method is widely used for the determination of

the elements.
Elements detectable by atomic absorption are highlighted in pink in
this periodic table
Inventio
n
• Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchoff first

proposed the AAS theory.

• Alan Walsh first introduced the principle of AAS in 1955


PRINCIPLE
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique
used for determining the concentration of a specific metal element in
a sample. The basic principle of AAS relies on the absorption of light
by free atoms (usually in the gas phase), which results in the
promotion of electrons to higher energy levels.

1. Atomization
The sample, typically a liquid, is introduced into a flame or graphite
furnace where the sample is vaporized. The high temperature breaks
the sample down into its atomic components, specifically the metal
atoms of interest.
2. Light Source
A light source, usually a hollow cathode lamp specific to the element being analyzed,
emits light at wavelengths that correspond to the element's characteristic absorption lines.
Each element has a unique absorption spectrum.

3. Absorption of Light
The vaporized metal atoms in the sample absorb light at their specific wavelength. This
absorption happens when the light's photon energy matches the energy needed to excite
the atom's electrons from a lower energy level to a higher one.

4. Measurement
The amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of the element
in the sample. A detector measures the intensity of light that passes through the sample.
By comparing the intensity of the absorbed light to a reference or blank sample, the
concentration of the element in the original sample can be determined
Instrumentation

1.Light source
2.Chopper
3.Atomizer
4.Monochromator
s
5.Detector
6.Amplifier
7.Read out device
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER- BASIC COMPONENT
Single-beam atomic absorption spectrometer: In this, the
radiation source is connected to chopper and then to atomiser
which is connected to the monochromator. The signal is detected
by the detector and recorded by the recorder.
Double-beam atomic absorption spectrometer: The
radiation source is connected to the chopper then it splits the
incident beam into two paths one is to the sample and another to
the reference. These two are connected by the monochromator
which measures the difference in the intensity of the sample with
that of the reference. Then the signals are detected by the
detector and recorded by the recorder.
AAS

Flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometer


Hollow Cathode Lamp

 Cathode--- in the form of a cylinder,made of


the
element being studied in the flame
 Tungsten Anode
 Filled with an inert gas (neon or argon) sealed
in a glass tube
 Quartz or special glass that allows transmission of the
How it works
 Applying a potential difference(300-500V) between the
anode and the cathode leads to the ionization of
some gas atoms .
 These gaseous ions bombard the cathode and eject
metal atoms from the cathode in a process called
sputtering.
 Some sputtered atoms are in excited states and emit
radiation characteristic of the metal as they fall back
to the ground state .
Choppe
r  A rotating wheel is interposed between the hollow
cathode lamp and flame .
 It is interposed to break the steady light coming
from the lamp into pulsating light which is used to
measure the intensity of light absorbed by elements
without interference by radiation from the flame
itself.
 Pulsating light gives pulsating current in photocell.
 There is also steady current caused by light which is
emitted by flame. But only pulsating current is
amplified and recorded
Atomizer

 Atomization is separation of particles into individual


molecules and breaking molecules into atoms .This is
done by exposing the analyte to high temperatures in
a flame or graphite furnace
 Atomiser converts the liquid into small droplets which
are easily vaporised.
 Types of Atomisers :-
1.Flame atomizer:-
a.) Total consumption burner
b.)premixed burner
2.Non-flame
atomizer(Electrothermal atomizer)
Flame atomizer
 Nebulization
• Conversion of the liquid sample to a
fine spray
 Desolvation
• Solid atoms are mixed with the
gaseous fuel.
 Volatilization
• Solid atoms are converted to a vapor
in the flame.
Flame temperature for various gas
mixtures
Fuel Oxidant Temperature 0c

Natural gas Air 1700 - 1900

Natural gas Oxygen 2700 - 2800

Hydrogen Air 2000 - 2100

Hydrogen Oxygen 2550 - 2700

Acetylene Air 2100 – 2400 (Most common)

Acetylene Oxygen 3050 - 3150

Acetylene Nitrous oxide 2600 - 2800


Potassium calcium

Cobalt Copper
Monochromators
 A monochromator is used to select the specific
wavelength of light which is absorbed by the
sample, and to exclude other wavelengths.

 They are of two types:


1)Prism
2) Diffraction
Grating
DETECTO
R
Photomultiplier Tubes
 Components
 Made of a glass vacuum tube
 Photocathode
 Several dynodes
 One anode
How it works
• AMPLIFIER:
Electric current from PMT is fed to amplifier
which gives a signal.

Lock-In type: amplifier is used for high signal


to noise ratio.

• READ-OUT DEVICE
- Digital read out device is preferred.
Applıcatıons

1. Qualitative: Rarely Used in Qualitative.

2. Quantitative: Calibration curve method.


CALIBRATION CURVE
 A calibration curve is used to determine
the unknown concentration of an element in a
solution.
Applıcatıons
 Pharmaceuticals.
 In some manufacturing
pharmaceutical
minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process
processes,
(usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final
product.
By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be
determined.

 Industry :
 Many raw materials are examined and AAS is widely
used to check that the major elements are present
and that toxic impurities are lower than specified
Applıcatıons
Mining:
By using AAS the amount of metals such as
gold in rocks can be determined to see
whether it is worth mining the rocks to extract
the gold .

Trace elements in food analysis (Zn, Cu, Ni )


Trace element analysis of cosmetics

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