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Hydropower

Hydropower is a significant renewable energy source, generating approximately 4327.4 TWh of electricity in 2021, which is more than all other renewables combined. The document discusses the history, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of hydropower, as well as emerging technologies and the current state of hydropower in India and globally. It highlights the potential for further development and the need for more hydro projects to meet global energy demands and climate goals.

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Harsh Pandey
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16 views15 pages

Hydropower

Hydropower is a significant renewable energy source, generating approximately 4327.4 TWh of electricity in 2021, which is more than all other renewables combined. The document discusses the history, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of hydropower, as well as emerging technologies and the current state of hydropower in India and globally. It highlights the potential for further development and the need for more hydro projects to meet global energy demands and climate goals.

Uploaded by

Harsh Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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hydropower

20XX Pitch deck title 1


Hydropower
• Hydropower is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable
energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate work.
In today’s world hydropower is primarily used to generate electricity.

• It is categorized as an indirect form of solar energy because sun is


responsible for the water cycle which allow us to exploit this continuous
flow of water.

• Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity almost


4327.4 TWh in 2021, which is more than all other renewable Fig. 1 – Hydroelectric Plant
sources combined and also more than nuclear power.

• Present installed hydropower capacity of India is approx. 51.4 GW which


is 3.77% of world’s hydropower capacity in 2021.

• The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China is the world's
biggest hydroelectric facility. (22.5 GW)

Fig. 2 – Three Gorges Dam


History
• Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands
of years. The Greeks used water wheels for grinding wheat into flour
more than 2,000 years ago, while the Egyptians used Archimedes
water screws for irrigation during the third century B.C.

• In 1880, a dynamo driven by a water turbine was used to provide arc


lighting to a theatre and storefront in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Fig. 3 - Hydro mill


• In 1881, a dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided
street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. Both of these used direct
current technology.

• First concrete arch – gravity dam was built in the Black Canyon of
Colorado River in Arizona U.S. between 1931-1936.

Fig. 4 – Hoover Dam


Classification of a Hydro-Electric Power Plant

1.On the basis of power generation


1. Large Hydro: Power Production is 100MW and above
2. Medium Hydro: Power production ranges from 25MW to 100MW.
3. Small Hydro: Power production ranges from 2MW to 25MW.
4. Mini Hydro: Power production ranges from 2MW to 100kW.
5. Micro Hydro: Power production is below 100kW.

Fig. 5 – Diversion type hydro


2.On the basis of design
1. Impoundment Type: Dam wall on a river is made to collect water
in reservoir.
2. Diversion Type : Water is diverted through a canal and fed to
hydropower plant and after power generation released into river.
3. Pumped Hydro : These are often used as battery in solar plants.
Water is pumped into a reservoir uphill when power demand is
less than production. Later it is used during peak Demand.

3.On the basis of head


Fig. 6 – Pumped hydro
1. Low head plants – plant head 5-20m
ADVANTAGES
• Flexibility : Power production could be ramped up and down with demand.
It takes less than 10 minutes to bring most hydro units from cold start-up to
full load; this is quicker than nuclear and almost all fossil fuel power.

• High value power: Ability to store water at low cost with long service life and
low labour cost (due to automation in normal operations) make power
production very economical.

• Suitability for industrial applications: Hydro projects are often created to


serve specific industrial enterprises.
• Reduced CO2 emissions : Since electricity is produced without burning of any
fossil fuel, produced electricity is carbon free.

• Other uses of the reservoir: Dams also provides facilities like water sports,
tourist, aquaculture, irrigation and flood control.
DISADVANTAGES
• Ecosystem damage and loss of land : Very large area of fertile land and
forests comes under water due to building of reservoir. Dams also act as
barrier to migratory marine life.

• Drought and water loss by evaporation : During drought power production


is drastically affected. There is also huge water loss by evaporation from
reservoirs.

• Siltation : Siltation occurs at the bottom of reservoir which starts damaging


turbine components. Also in downstream land becomes less fertile.

• Methane emissions : Due to decomposition of bio mass in reservoir


methane is released into the atmosphere.

• Relocation : Whole city needs to be relocated.

• Failure risks : Dam Failure can clean sweep many cities downstream.

• Reservoir Induced Seismicity : Due to very high pressure at the bottom of


reservoir some seismic activity is also felt time to time.

•
Components of a Hydro-Electric Power Plant

• Catchment area: A general geography term referring to a suitable place


drained by rivers or other bodies of water for dams and hydropower plants.
• Dam: A dam is a barrier used to store water and create water head.
• Reservoir: The reservoir is the water storage, and can be natural or man-
made.
• Penstock: The penstock carries water to the turbine.
• Power house, turbine, and generator: The hydro turbine is rotated by the
force of water exerted on the blades of the turbine, and the rotation turns
the generator, which provides electricity. All hydro equipment is kept in a
power house.
• Transformer: The step-up transformer is used to step up the electricity from
the generator/alternator and supply the electricity through the transmission
lines.
• Transmission line: Transmission lines conduct electricity, and ultimately
transfer the electricity to residential or industrial areas.
Turbines commonly used in hydropower
stations
1. Impulse turbine: Kinetic head to water is exploited.

Water hits turbine blade via nozzle tangentially


1. Pelton Wheel:
and rotates the turbine.

2. Reaction Turbine: Static head of water is exploited.

Water enters radially via stator and leaves


1. Francis Turbine:
axially via draft tube. It can generate power with head Fig – Bulb Turbine
range is 40 -700 m and 96% efficiency.

Water entry and exit both are axial. It has


2. Kaplan turbine:
adjustable blades. It can work with head under 90 m with
more than 95% efficiency.
Some emerging hydropower technology
trends
• Novel small-scale hydropower:

Small Scale turbine are very economical as they are small in size and can run in low
heads thus reducing the infrastructure cost.

• Vortex Turbine: Turbulent have developed low head turbine which can generate
15-100KW. They are powering a remote village Mindanao Philippines with
140KW hydropower project. Fig – Vortex Turbine

• Tube Turbine: Blue freedom is currently developing a turbine which can be fitted
in pipeline in which clean water is flowing.

• Archimedes Screw: Sumino Seisakusho Ltd. have developed a turbine which


can be set in small water streams. Power output is up to 100W.

Fig - Archimedes Screw


Mini Hydro
• Pumped Hydropower Storage (PHS) :
To compensate the fluctuations in RES power generation, pumped hydropower
storage (PHS) is being adapted. PHS plants operate both in turbine and in
pump mode for peaking regulation. In these plants variable speed turbines are
used for better utilization.

Goldishthal PHS

• Variable speed Turbine:


• Speed variation is attained with the help of converter-fed synchronous machines and double-fed induction
machines.

• The Goldisthal PHS plant in Germany is first large variable-speed hydropower plant in Europe.

• This technology allow us to operate in wider range of heads.


• Hydropower digitalisation:

Ccollection and processing of real-world data of actual working conditions provides


advanced grid supporting services without compromising station’s reliability and
safety. It is estimated that a total 42 TWh could be added to present hydropower
energy production.

• Fish-friendly hydropower:

Fish-friendly turbines today include Archimedes hydrodynamic screws, water wheels


and Vortex turbines for low head applications, as well the Alden turbine and the
minimum gap runner turbine for higher heads.

Fig – Alden Turbine


• Hydropower flexibility:

Some of the flexibility technologies under development like an adjustable diaphragm


installed in the draft tube cone, J-grooves, axial water injection, etc.
World
• Today World is generating is 1360 GW of total power through hydropower. Still
hydropower has huge potential which is untapped.

• China is aggressively increasing its no of hydro power projects. Its is estimated that
due fast increase in hydro projects they will meet there NZE(Net Zero Emissions )
before 2060 which China have promised.

• Brazil hold second place in hydropower generation with total of 101.4GW. It have
• Many more hydro projects are needed to be installed a world is lagging behind its minimum requirements to
not cross its limit of global warming of 1.5 degree Celsius.
INDIA
• India is currently generating 51,352 MW of power through Hydro.
• Koyna Hydroelectric Project is India’s largest hydropower project built on
Koyna river in Satara, Maharashtra. The total capacity of Koyna project Is
1,960 MW.
• In 2021 India increased its hydro capacity by 800MW.
• Unfortunately India is still largely dependent on Large hydro projects.
• There is one micro hydropower plant In Hampi, Karnataka. It is designed in
such a way that it doesn’t restricts fish and crocodile from moving both up
and downstream.
• Still there is lots of potential for small hydro projects as India has lot of
river throughout country.

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