EEE0115

Chapter 3: Structured
Program Development in C

C How to Program
1 Deitel & Deitel
 2

 Algorithms
 Pseudocode
 Control Structures
 The if Selection Statement
 The if...else Selection Statement
 The while Repetition Statement
 3

Algorithms
 Algorithm is defined as the actions to be
executed in a specific order to solve a
given problem.
 Program control is an important concept
and it defiens the specific order in which
statements are to be executed.
 4

Pseudocode
 Artificial or informal language which is
used to develop algorithms
 Pseudocodes are not executed on
computers.
 They are similar to everyday English.
 Pseudocodes can be converted easily to C
program.
 5

Control Structures
 All programs can be written in terms of 3
control structures:
 Sequence structures: Statements executed
sequentially. It is default control structure.
 Selection structures: if, if-else, switch.
 Repetition structures: while, do-while, for.
 6

The if selection statement

 Used to choose among alternative
actions:
 Pseudocode of if:
 If student’s grade is less than 50
print “Failed”
 If the condition returns true, print
statement is executed.
 If the condition returns false, the body of if
is not executed. Program control goes to
next statement after if block.
 7

The if selection statement

 Pseudocode statement is transferred to C
program as follows:
if(grade<50)
printf("Passed\n" );
 Indentation improves program readibility.
 C ignores whitespace characters (space,
tab, and newline).
 8

The if-else selection statement

 This statement specifies an action for
both true condition and false condition.
 Psuedocode of if-else:

If student’ grade is less than 50

Print “Failed”
else
Print “Passed”
 9

The if-else selection statement

 C code :

If (grade<50)
printf(“Failed\n”);
else
printf(“Passed\n”);
 Ternary conditional operator (?:)
 It has three arguments (condition, value
if true, value if false)
 printf( "%s\n", grade >= 60 ?
"Passed" : "Failed" );
 grade >= 60 ? printf( “Passed\n” ) :
printf( “Failed\n” );
 10

The if-else selection statement

 Nested if-else statements
 They are used to test for multiple cases.
 if-else selection statements are placed inside
other if-else selection statements.
 Whenever a condition returns true, rest of the
statements are skipped.
 11

The if-else selection statement

 Compound statement is defined as a set
of statements within a pair of braces
 Compound statements with declarations
are defined as block.

if(a>10)
{
printf("Your value is greater than 10\n");
printf("Enter a new value\n");
}
 12

The while repetition statement

 Repetitionstructures are used
whenever a number of actions to be
repeated while a condition remains
true.
 Example pseudocode:
While varible x is less than 10
Add x to current some
 Example C code:
while(x<10)
sum=sum+x;
 13

Counter-Controlled Repetition
1 /* Fig. 3.6: fig03_06.c
2 Class average program with counter-controlled repetition */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int counter; /* number of grade to be entered next */
9 int grade; /* grade value */
10 int total; /* sum of grades input by user */
11 int average; /* average of grades */
12
13 /* initialization phase */
14 total = 0; /* initialize total */
15 counter = 1; /* initialize loop counter */
16
17 /* processing phase */
18 while ( counter <= 10 ) { /* loop 10 times */
19 printf( "Enter grade: " ); /* prompt for input */
20 scanf( "%d", &grade ); /* read grade from user */
21 total = total + grade; /* add grade to total */
22 counter = counter + 1; /* increment counter */
23 } /* end while */
 14

Counter-Controlled Repetition
24
25 /* termination phase */
26 average = total / 10; /* integer division */
27
28 printf( "Class average is %d\n", average ); /* display result */
29
30 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
31
32 } /* end function main */

Enter grade: 98
Enter grade: 76
Enter grade: 71
Enter grade: 87
Enter grade: 83
Enter grade: 90
Enter grade: 57
Enter grade: 79
Enter grade: 82
Enter grade: 94
Class average is 81
 15

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

 Programs usually have three phases:
 Initialization
 Processing
 Termination
 16

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

A class-averaging program (unknown
number of students)
1 /* Fig. 3.8: fig03_08.c
2 Class average program with sentinel-controlled repetition */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int counter; /* number of grades entered */
9 int grade; /* grade value */
10 int total; /* sum of grades */
11
12 float average; /* number with decimal point for average */
13
14 /* initialization phase */
15 total = 0; /* initialize total */
16 counter = 0; /* initialize loop counter */
17
18 /* processing phase */
19 /* get first grade from user */
20 printf( "Enter grade, -1 to end: " ); /* prompt for input */
21 scanf( "%d", &grade ); /* read grade from user */
22
 17

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

A class-averaging program (unknown
number of students)
23 /* loop while sentinel value not yet read from user */
24 while ( grade != -1 ) {
25 total = total + grade; /* add grade to total */
26 counter = counter + 1; /* increment counter */
27
28 /* get next grade from user */
29 printf( "Enter grade, -1 to end: " ); /* prompt for input */
30 scanf("%d", &grade); /* read next grade */
31 } /* end while */
32
33 /* termination phase */
34 /* if user entered at least one grade */
35 if ( counter != 0 ) {
36
37 /* calculate average of all grades entered */
38 average = ( float ) total / counter; /* avoid truncation */
39
40 /* display average with two digits of precision */
41 printf( "Class average is %.2f\n", average );
42 } /* end if */
43 else { /* if no grades were entered, output message */
44 printf( "No grades were entered\n" );
45 } /* end else */
46
47 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
48
49 } /* end function main */
 18

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

A class-averaging program (unknown
number of students)

Enter grade, -1 to end: 75

Enter grade, -1 to end: 94
Enter grade, -1 to end: 97
Enter grade, -1 to end: 88
Enter grade, -1 to end: 70
Enter grade, -1 to end: 64
Enter grade, -1 to end: 83
Enter grade, -1 to end: 89
Enter grade, -1 to end: -1
Class average is 82.50

Enter grade, -1 to end: -1

No grades were entered
 19

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

 Nested Control Structures
1 /* Fig. 3.10: fig03_10.c
2 Analysis of examination results */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 /* initialize variables in definitions */
9 int passes = 0; /* number of passes */
10 int failures = 0; /* number of failures */
11 int student = 1; /* student counter */
12 int result; /* one exam result */
13
14 /* process 10 students using counter-controlled loop */
15 while ( student <= 10 ) {
16
17 /* prompt user for input and obtain value from user */
18 printf( "Enter result ( 1=pass,2=fail ): " );
19 scanf( "%d", &result );
20
21 /* if result 1, increment passes */
22 if ( result == 1 ) {
23 passes = passes + 1;
24 } /* end if */
25 else { /* otherwise, increment failures */
26 failures = failures + 1;
27 } /* end else */
28
29 student = student + 1; /* increment student counter */
30 } /* end while */
 20

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

 Nested Control Structures
31
32 /* termination phase; display number of passes and failures */
33 printf( "Passed %d\n", passes );
34 printf( "Failed %d\n", failures );
35
36 /* if more than eight students passed, print "raise tuition" */
37 if ( passes > 8 ) {
38 printf( "Raise tuition\n" );
39 } /* end if */
40
41 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
42
43 } /* end function main */

Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1

Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Passed 6
Failed 4
(continued on next slide… )
 21

Algorithms (Top-down, stepwise refinement)

 Nested Control Structures

(continued from previous slide…)

Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Passed 9
Failed 1
Raise tuition
 22

Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators can be used
instead of assignment expressions:
a=a+5 can be written as a+=5
a=a-5 can be written as a-=5
a=a*5 can be written as a/=5
a=a/5 can be written as a+=5
a=a%5 can be written as a%=5
 23

Increment and Decrement Operators

 Increment operator (c++) can be used
instead of c=c+1
 Decrement operator (c--) can be used
instead of c=c-1
 c++ and c-- postincrement operators
 Expression executes before the variable is
changed
 ++c and --c postincrement operators
 Variable is changed and then expression
executes.
 24

Increment and Decrement Operators

1 /* Fig. 3.13: fig03_13.c
2 Preincrementing and postincrementing */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int c; /* define variable */
9
10 /* demonstrate postincrement */
11 c = 5; /* assign 5 to c */
12 printf( "%d\n", c ); /* print 5 */
13 printf( "%d\n", c++ ); /* print 5 then postincrement */
14 printf( "%d\n\n", c ); /* print 6 */
15
16 /* demonstrate preincrement */
17 c = 5; /* assign 5 to c */
18 printf( "%d\n", c ); /* print 5 */
19 printf( "%d\n", ++c ); /* preincrement then print 6 */
20 printf( "%d\n", c ); /* print 6 */
21
22 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
23
24 } /* end function main */
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