INSTANTANEOUS POWER CONTROL OF D-STATCOM WITH CONSIDERATION OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

By Y.UDAYKIRAN 10C91D0718 M.Tech., EEE Internal Guide Mr RK.REDDY Associate Professor

Electric power distribution network have become more increasingly important and plays an essential role in power system planning. This type of power systems has a major function to serve distributed customer loads along a feeder line; therefore under competitive environment of electricity market service of electric energy transfer must not be interrupted and at the same time there must provide reliable, stable and high quality of electric power. To complete this challenge, it requires careful design for power network planning. There exist many different ways to do so. However, one might consider an additional device to be installed somewhere in the network. Such devices are one of capacitor bank, shunt reactor, series reactors, automatic voltage regulators and recently developed dynamic voltage restorers, distribution static compensator

OVERVIEW

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IUPQC

Block Diagram of IUPQC contd

OBJECTIVE

To regulate the bus voltage to which unbalanced load and Non-Linear load are connected against sag/swell and or disturbances in the system. To protect the sensitive load from the disturbances occurring in the system by regulating the voltage .

INTRODUCTION
Def of Power quality

Voltage quality:
Voltage quality is concerned with the deviation of actual voltage from ideal voltage

Current quality:
current quality is concerned with the deviation of actual current from ideal voltage.

Power quality- voltage as well as current should be maintained Any deviation of voltage or current from the ideal is a power quality disturbance.

Power Quality Problems

Sags Swells Voltage Interruption Voltage Flicker Harmonics Voltage Notching

Power Quality Problems Contd

Voltage Sag

Voltage sag is defined as a sudden reduction of supply voltage down 90% to 10% of nominal, followed by a recovery after a short period of time which can cause damage and loss of production especially in industrial sector. Voltage Swell Voltage swell, , is defined as a sudden increasing of supply voltage up 110% to 180% in rms voltage at the network fundamental frequency with duration from 10 ms to 1 minute Caused by system faults, load switching and capacitor switching. Voltage Interruption A voltage interruption is the complete loss of electric voltage. Interruptions can be short duration (lasting less than 2 minutes) or long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an interruptionusually by the opening of a circuit breaker, fuse, power system faults, equipment failures,

Power Quality Problems Contd

Voltage Flicker

A very rapid change in supply voltage is called voltage flicker. This is caused by rapid variations in current magnitude of loads such as arc furnaces in which a large inrush current flows when the arc strikes first causing a dip in the bus voltage. These variations are usually caused by rapid changes in load connected to the system. Flicker problems can be corrected with the installation of filters, static VAR systems, or distribution static compensators The maximum tolerable variation in supply frequency is often limited within + or 0.5 Hz from the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.

Example voltage waveforms showing flicker created by an arc furnace

Power Quality Problems Contd

Power System Harmonics

Harmonic: Harmonics are components that make up a waveform where each component has frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency Harmonic is applied to waveform components that have frequencies other than fundamental frequency. Power system harmonics: currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples (h=0,1,2,N) of the fundamental power frequency

1st harmonic: 60Hz 2nd harmonic: 120Hz 3rd harmonic: 180Hz

Power Quality Problems Contd

How are Harmonics Produced ?

Power system harmonics: presenting deviations from a perfect sinusoidalwaveform (voltage or current waveform). ( The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity .

Power Quality Problems Contd

Why Bother about Harmonics?

50-60% of all electrical Ac Systems operate with nonlinear type loads. Exponential Growth of Non-Linear Load over last decade Industrial, Commercial & Residential Power-Quality Problems Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors Waveform Distortion can create SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/ All can cause damage effects to consumer loads and power systems due to Over-Current/Over-Voltage or Waveform Distortion Additional Power/Energy Losses

Power Quality Problems Contd

Distorted Voltage Waveforms

Solutions to problems caused by harmonic distortion include installing active or passive filters at the load or bus.

Power Quality Problems Contd

Voltage Notching

Voltage notching is caused by the commutation of power electronic rectifiers. It is an effect that can raise PQ issues in any facility where solid-state rectifiers (for example, variable-speed drives) are used. When the drive DC link current is commutated from one rectifier thyristor to the next, an instant exists during which a line-to-line short circuit occurs at the input terminals to the rectifier. With this disturbance, any given phase voltage waveform will typically contain four notches per cycle as caused by a six-pulse electronic rectifier

power quality problems contd

Sources of Power Quality Problems

Power electronic devices IT and office equipments Arching devices Load switching Large motor starting Sensitive equipment Storm and environmental related damage Capacitor switching

power quality problems contd

Why is Power Quality Important?

It affects both utilities as suppliers and customers as users

power quality problems contd

Impact on Customer Side

Computers and communication equipment are susceptible to power system disturbances which can lead to loss of data and erratic operation. Automated manufacturing processes such as paper-making machinery, chip-making assembly lines, etc. can shutdown in case of even short voltage sags. Induction and synchronous motors can have excessive losses and heating. Equipment and process control malfunction translates to dollars of expense for replacement parts and for down time, impacting adversely on profitability and product quality.

power quality problems contd

Impact on Utility Side

Failure of power-factor correction capacitors due to resonance conditions. Increased losses in cables, transformers and conductors, especially neutral wires. Errors in energy meters, which are calibrated to operate under sinusoidal conditions. Incorrect operation of protective relays, particularly in solidstate and microprocessor-controlled systems. Unhappy customers as well as malfunction and failure of system components and control systems, impacting adversely on profitability.

power quality problems contd

Focus on Three Aspects of Power Quality

Harmonics Unbalance Voltage Sags

. Electric Power Quality Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power Quality

Electric Power Quality Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality

Possible Solutions

Proper earthing practices Online UPS/Hybrid UPS Energy storage system Ferro- resonant transformer Network equipment and design Static Transfer Switches Static Var Compensator Uninterruptible Power Supply

Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality contd

FACTS and Custom Power Devices

The other families of power electronic devices, very closely related to the active filters, are

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, Custom Power Devices. greater control of power transmission, maximize utilization of existing transmission lines, reduction of generation reserve margin, prevention of cascading outages, damping of power system oscillations.

FACTS devices are intended for

FAULTS

open circuit (or) series fault

Short circuit (or) Shunt fault

Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality contd

Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM )

. The STATCOM, when used in low-voltage distribution

It consists of a two level VSC, a dc energy storage
device; a coupling transformer connected in shunt with the ac system, and associated control circuits.

systems is normally identified as Distribution STATCOM (D-STATCOM).

The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a power electronic based

synchronous voltage generator that generates a three-phase voltage from a DC capacitor.

The active power flow is controlled by the angle between the ac system and
VSC voltages and the reactive power flow is controlled by the difference between the magnitudes of these voltages .

Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality contd

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

The

DVR consists of a VSC, a switching control scheme, a DC energy storage device and a coupling transformer similar to D-STATCOM, but here the coupling transformer is connected in series with the ac system.

DVR is a series compensator which is able to protect a sensitive load from the distortion in the supply side during fault or overloaded in power system. The basic principle of a series compensator is simple, by inserting a voltage of required magnitude and frequency, the series compensator can restore the load side voltage to the desired amplitude and waveform even when the source voltage is unbalanced or distorted.

Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality contd

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

The DVR can generate or absorb independently controllable real and reactive power at the load side. The DVR also is made of a solid state dc to ac switching power converter that injects a set of three phase ac output voltages in series and synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages . The amplitude and phase angle of the injected voltages are variable thereby allowing control of the real and reactive power exchange between the DVR and the distribution system .

Functions:

Reactive Power Compensation Voltage Regulation Compensation for Voltage sag and Swell Unbalance Voltage Compensation (for 3-phase systems)

Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

Functions Reactive Power Compensation Voltage Regulation Compensation for Voltage sag and swell Unbalance Compensation for current and voltage (for 3-phase systems)

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Single-line diagram of an IUPQC-connected distribution system.

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IUPQC

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Main parts in IUPQC

Shunt connected voltage source converter (D-STATCOM) Series connected voltage source converter (DVR) Energy storage DC capacitor Feeder 1 containing Unbalanced load Non-Linear load Feeder 2 containing Sensitive Load

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Features of vsc
Each of the two VSCs is realized by three H-bridge inverters. In this structure, each switch represents a power semiconductor device and an anti-parallel diode . All the inverters are supplied from a common single dc capacitor and each inverter has a transformer connected at its output. OPERATION : The Inverter is supplied by a dc source with a voltage of Vdc .

Schematic structure of a VSC

The switches of each leg have complementary values,

e.g. when S1 is ON,S4 is OFF and vice versa. when S1 &S2 ON ,S3 & S4 OFF when S3 & S4 ON, S1 &S2 OFF

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Function of VSC

A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device, which can generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required magnitude, frequency and phase angle. The VSC is used to either completely replace the voltage or to inject the missing voltage. The missing voltage is the difference between the nominal voltage and the actual. The converter is normally based on some kind of energy storage, which will supply the converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state electronics in the converter is then switched to get the desired output voltage. Normally the VSC is not only used for voltage dip mitigation, but also for other power quality issues, e.g. flicker and harmonics.

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Complete structure of an IUPQC

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

Description of complete structure of a three-phase IUPQC

The complete structure of a three-phase IUPQC consists of two VSCs . The secondary (distribution) sides of the shunt-connected transformers (VSC-1) are connected in star with the neutral point being connected to the load neutral. The secondary winding of the series-connected transformers (VSC-2) are directly connected in series with the bus (B-2) and sensitive load (L-2). The ac filter capacitors also connected in each phase to prevent the flow of the harmonic currents generated due to switching. The six inverters of the IUPQC are controlled independently.

Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner contd

PWM CONTROL SCHEME

PWM-based control scheme with reference to the D-STATCOM and DVR

The aim of the control scheme is to maintain constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected, under system disturbances. The control system only measures the rms voltage at the load point. The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response. Besides, high switching frequencies can be used to improve on the efficiency of the converter, without incurring significant switching losses.

Simulink block Diagram of IUPQC

Simulink block Diagram of IUPQC contd

Structure of Shunt connected VSC(VSC1)

Simulink block Diagram of IUPQC contd

Structure of Series connected VSC(VSC2)

Simulation Results

Voltages and currents With and without IUPQC

Bus voltage to which unbalanced loads connected without IUPQC Vabc_b21

Bus voltage to which unbalanced loads connected with IUPQC

Vabc_b21

Unbalanced Load L-11 load currents Iabc_b31 without IUQC

Non Linear Load L-12

without IUPQC

load currents Iabc_b41

Feeder-1 currents Iabc_b21

with IUPQC

TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF IUPQC

The performance of IUPQC has been evaluated considering various disturbance conditions like voltage sag in feeder1 , voltage sag in feeder2, Faults(L-G,L-L-G,Three phase) in feeder2

System response during voltage sag in Feeder-1 without and with IUPQC

Voltage at the bus to which unbalanced load is connected Vabc_b31 without IUPQC

With IUPQC

Voltage at the bus to which Non linear load is connected Vabc_b41

without IUPQC

With IUPQC

Feeder-1 current Iabc_b21

without IUPQC

With IUPQC

System parameters
.

conclusions
The performance under some of the major concerns of both customer and utility e.g., harmonic contents in loads, unbalanced loads, supply voltage distortion, system disturbances such as voltage sag, swell and fault has been studied. The IUPQC has been shown to compensate for several of these events successfully

Reference Papers

G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, A flexible DSTATCOM operating in voltage and current control mode, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen.,Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 215224, 2002 M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, Operation of a DSTATCOM in voltage control mode, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 258264, Jan. 2003.

N. H. Woodley, L. Morgan, and A. Sundaram, Experience with an inverter-based dynamic voltage restorer, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 11811186, Jul. 1999. A. Ghosh, A. K. Jindal, and A. Joshi, Design of a capacitor-supported Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) for unbalanced and distorted loads, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 405413, Jan. 2004.

Reference papers contd.

H. Fujita and H. Akagi, The unified power quality conditioner: the integration of series- and shunt-active filters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315 322, Mar. 1998.

deadbeat control of a series parallel converter combination used as a universal power filter, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 160168, Jan. 1998.

F. Kamran and T. G. Habetler, Combined

Text Books

Power Quality in Power systems and Electrical MachinesEwald F.Fuchs and A.S.Masoum

Power quality enhancement using custom power devicesAmit Kumar Jindal, Student Member, IEEE, Arindam Ghosh, Fellow, IEEE, and Avinash Joshi

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