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Lec-03 16-04-25

The document discusses the concepts of Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ), detailing their definitions, methods of determination, and differences. It also covers accuracy and precision in measurements, as well as various types of errors that can affect analytical results, including determinate and indeterminate errors. Additionally, it explains the mean and median in the context of data analysis.

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12 views11 pages

Lec-03 16-04-25

The document discusses the concepts of Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ), detailing their definitions, methods of determination, and differences. It also covers accuracy and precision in measurements, as well as various types of errors that can affect analytical results, including determinate and indeterminate errors. Additionally, it explains the mean and median in the context of data analysis.

Uploaded by

suvo90590
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Limit of Detection (LOD)

The Limit of Detection (LOD) is the lowest concentration of an analyte that can be
reliably distinguished from a blank or background signal, meaning it can be
detected but not necessarily quantified.
LOD is determined by three
different methods
• Visual observation: Use of
antibiotics to reduce bacterial
growth
• Signal-to-noise (S:N) ratio
calculation: Values of signal-to-
noise ratio = 3:1
• Standard deviation and slope:
values of LOD = 3.3× σ/s
• Here, σ means standard
deviation and s means slope
Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
Limit of quantification expresses the lowest concentration of analyte that can be
quantified precisely and accurately.

LOD is determined by three


different methods
• Visual observation: Titration of
analyte and shows color
change
• Signal-to-noise (S:N) ratio
calculation: Values of signal-to-
noise ratio = 10:1
• Standard deviation and slope:
values of LOD = 10× σ/s
• Here, σ means standard
deviation and s means slope
LOD and LOQ
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy is the degree of agreement between the measured values and the true
value. (Closeness to true value)
Precision is the degree of agreement between replicate measurements of the
same quantity. (Repeatability of a result)
Mean and Median
The mean is the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the number of values.

The median is the middle value when the data is arranged in order.

• If there’s an odd number of values → it’s the middle one.


• If there’s an even number of values → it’s the average of the two middle ones.
Errors
There are two types of errors that can affect the accuracy or precision of a
measured quantity.
• Determinate (Systematic) error
• Indeterminate (Random) error
Systemic errors
• Operational and personal errors: These are due to factors for which the
individual analyst is responsible and are not connected with the method or
procedure. The errors are mostly physical in nature and occur when sound
analytical technique is not followed. Example: mechanical loss of materials in
various steps of an analysis; underwashing or overwashing of precipitates.

• Instrumental and reagent errors: These arise from the faulty construction of
balances, the use of uncalibrated or improperly calibrated weights, graduated
glassware, and other instruments; the attack of reagents upon glassware,
porcelain, etc.
Errors
• Error of methods: These originate from incorrect sampling and from
incompleteness of a reaction. Example: In titrimetric analysis errors may occur
owing to failure of reactions to proceed to completion, occurrence of induced
and side reactions, reaction of substances other than the constituent being
determined, and a difference between the observed end point and the
stoichiometric equivalence point of a reaction.

• Additive errors: The absolute value of an additive error is independent of the


amount of the constituent present in the determination. Examples of additive
errors are loss in weight of a crucible in which a precipitate is ignited, and errors
in weights. The presence of this error is revealed by taking samples of different
weights.
• Proportional errors: The absolute value of a proportional error depends upon
the amount of the constituent. Thus a proportional error rnay arise from an
impurity in a standard substance, which leads to an incorrect value for the
molarity of astandard solution.
Errors
• Error of methods: These originate from incorrect sampling and from
incompleteness of a reaction. Example: In titrimetric analysis errors may occur
owing to failure of reactions to proceed to completion, occurrence of induced
and side reactions, reaction of substances other than the constituent being
determined, and a difference between the observed end point and the
stoichiometric equivalence point of a reaction.

• Additive errors: The absolute value of an additive error is independent of the


amount of the constituent present in the determination. Examples of additive
errors are loss in weight of a crucible in which a precipitate is ignited, and errors
in weights. The presence of this error is revealed by taking samples of different
weights.
• Proportional errors: The absolute value of a proportional error depends upon
the amount of the constituent. Thus a proportional error may arise from an
impurity in a standard substance, which leads to an incorrect value for the
molarity of a standard solution.
Errors
• Error of methods: These originate from incorrect sampling and from
incompleteness of a reaction. Example: In titrimetric analysis errors may occur
owing to failure of reactions to proceed to completion, occurrence of induced
and side reactions, reaction of substances other than the constituent being
determined, and a difference between the observed end point and the
stoichiometric equivalence point of a reaction.

• Additive errors: The absolute value of an additive error is independent of the


amount of the constituent present in the determination. Examples of additive
errors are loss in weight of a crucible in which a precipitate is ignited, and errors
in weights. The presence of this error is revealed by taking samples of different
weights.
• Proportional errors: The absolute value of a proportional error depends upon
the amount of the constituent. Thus a proportional error may arise from an
impurity in a standard substance, which leads to an incorrect value for the
molarity of a standard solution.
Errors
Other proportional errors may not Vary linearly with the amount of the
constituent, but will at least exhibit an increase with the amount of constituent
present. Example is the ignition of aluminium oxide: at 12000C the aluminium
oxide is anhydrous and virtually nonhygroscopic; ignition of various weights at
an appreciably lower temperature will show a proportional type of error.

• Random (indeterminate) errors. These errors manifest themselves by the slight


variations that occur in successive measurements made by the same observer
with the greatest care under as nearly identical conditions as possible. They are
due to causes over which the analyst has no control, and which, in general, are
so intangible that they are incapable of analysis.
Errors

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