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3rd Research Lecture

A variable in research is a characteristic that can change or have multiple values, such as height or income. Independent variables are manipulated to observe effects on dependent variables, which are outcomes measured in response to changes. Control and composite variables are also defined, and visualizations like bar charts and scatter plots are recommended for presenting data.

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6 views22 pages

3rd Research Lecture

A variable in research is a characteristic that can change or have multiple values, such as height or income. Independent variables are manipulated to observe effects on dependent variables, which are outcomes measured in response to changes. Control and composite variables are also defined, and visualizations like bar charts and scatter plots are recommended for presenting data.

Uploaded by

MJ Jamilo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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•A variable in research is a

characteristic or attribute that can


change or have multiple values. It
can be a person, place, thing, or
phenomenon that is being
measured.
WHAT IS VARIABLE?

•A variable in research is a
characteristic or attribute that can
change or have multiple values. It can
be a person, place, thing, or
phenomenon that is being measured.
Examples of variables
Height, Age, Temperature, Test scores, Weight, Anxiety levels,
Income, and Blood pressure.

Types of variables
•Independent variables: The cause of an effect. The value of an independent variable is
independent of other variables in the study.
•Dependent variables: The effect of a cause. The value of a dependent variable
depends on changes in the independent variable.
•Control variables: Variables that are kept the same so they do not affect the results.
•Composite variables: Variables that are made up of other variables.
What is an independent
variable?
• An independent variable is the variable you manipulate
or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. It’s
called “independent” because it’s not influenced by any
other variables in the study.
• Independent variables are also called:
• Explanatory variables (they explain an event or outcome)
• Predictor variables (they can be used to predict the value
of a dependent variable)
• Right-hand-side variables (they appear on the right-hand
side of a regression equation).
an intervening variable is a variable that
handles the change in the dependent variable due to the change in the independent variable. In
other words, the outcome of the dependent variable is decided through the intervening variable, which

itself gets influenced by the independent variable .


Types of independent variables

There are two main types of independent variables.


• Experimental independent variables can be directly manipulated by
researchers.
• Subject variables cannot be manipulated by researchers, but they can
be used to group research subjects categorically.
Experimental variables
• In experiments, you manipulate independent variables directly to see how
they affect your dependent variable. The independent variable is usually
applied at different levels to see how the outcomes differ.
• You can apply just two levels in order to find out if an independent
variable has an effect at all.
• You can also apply multiple levels to find out how the independent
variable affects the dependent variable.
What is a dependent variable?

• A dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result


of the independent variable manipulation. It’s the outcome
you’re interested in measuring, and it “depends” on your
independent variable
• In statistics, dependent variables are also called:
• Response variables (they respond to a change in another
variable)
• Outcome variables (they represent the outcome you want to
measure)
• Left-hand-side variables (they appear on the left-hand side
of a regression equation)
• The dependent variable is what you record after you’ve
manipulated the independent variable. You use this
measurement data to check whether and to what extent
your independent variable influences the dependent
variable by conducting statistical analyses.
• Based on your findings, you can estimate the degree to
which your independent variable variation drives
changes in your dependent variable. You can also
predict how much your dependent variable will change
as a result of variation in the independent variable.
Identifying independent vs. dependent variables

Recognizing independent Recognizing dependent variables


variables

• Is the variable • Is this variable measured


manipulated, controlled, as an outcome of the
or used as a subject study?
grouping method by the
researcher? • Is this variable dependent
on another variable in the
• Does this variable come study?
before the other variable
in time? • Does this variable get
measured only after other
• Is the researcher trying to variables are altered?
understand whether or
how this variable affects
another variable?
Independent and dependent variables in research
Independent and dependent variables are generally used in experimental and
quasi-experimental research.

Research question Independent variable Dependent variable(s)


Do tomatoes grow fastest under •Type of light the tomato plant is •The rate of growth of the tomato
fluorescent, incandescent, or grown under plant
natural light?

What is the effect of intermittent •Presence or absence of •Blood sugar levels


fasting on blood sugar levels? intermittent fasting

Is medical marijuana effective for •Presence or absence of medical •Frequency of pain


pain reduction in people with marijuana use •Intensity of pain
chronic pain?

To what extent does remote •Type of work environment •Job satisfaction self-reports
working increase job satisfaction? (remote or in office)
Visualizing independent and dependent
variables

• In quantitative research, it’s good practice to use charts


or graphs to visualize the results of studies. Generally,
the independent variable goes on the x-axis (horizontal)
and the dependent variable on the y-axis (vertical).
• The type of visualization you use depends on the
variable types in your research questions:
• A bar chart is ideal when you have a categorical
independent variable.
• A scatter plot or line graph is best when your
independent and dependent variables are both
quantitative.
BAR CHART SCATTER PLOT/LINE GRAPH
What are 5 examples of
independent variables in research?
• gender identity, ethnicity, race, income, and
education are all important subject variables that social
researchers treat as independent variables.
What is an example of sampling on the dependent
variable?
Sampling on the dependent variable means you're picking
your cases to study on the outcome, on the result of what
it is you're thinking about. For instance, you might
say you want to study murders, and find out what causes
murder.
What is an example of a dependent variable case?
For example, if you want to research how the number
of hours of sleep a student gets affects their overall
GPA, then the GPA would be the dependent variable
because it changes based on the different sleep levels.

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