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Disability Introduction

The document discusses the concept of disability, defining it as an interaction between impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. It categorizes disabilities into various types, including cognitive, intellectual, physical, and sensory disabilities, and outlines their causes, which can be congenital or acquired. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of prevention and management strategies, including rehabilitation and social integration, to improve the quality of life for individuals with disabilities.

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s.bhattacharjee
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12 views10 pages

Disability Introduction

The document discusses the concept of disability, defining it as an interaction between impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. It categorizes disabilities into various types, including cognitive, intellectual, physical, and sensory disabilities, and outlines their causes, which can be congenital or acquired. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of prevention and management strategies, including rehabilitation and social integration, to improve the quality of life for individuals with disabilities.

Uploaded by

s.bhattacharjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISABILITY: TYPES,

CAUSES, PREVENTION
AND MANAGEMENT
OUTLINE
•Introduction
•Types of Disability
•Causes of Disability
•Prevention
•Management of Disability
•Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
What is Disability?
Disability is an evolving concept
The World Health Organization currently defines Disability as the
umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation
restrictions.
A disability is any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes
it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities
(activity limitation) and interact with the world around them
(participation restrictions)
Defining disability as an interaction means that “disability” is not an
attribute of the person. Progress on improving social participation can
be made by addressing the barriers which hinder persons with disabilities
in their day to day lives.
INTRODUCTION CONTD.
Some Important Definitions include:
Impairments: These are problems in body
function or alterations in body structure –
for example, paralysis or blindness;
Activity limitations: These are difficulties
in executing activities – for example,
walking or eating;
Participation restrictions: Problems with
involvement in any area of life – for
example, facing discrimination in
employment or transportation.
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATION OF DISABILITY
There are so many methods of classifying Disability- Physical and Mental, Visible and Invisible, etc.
 Cognitive Disability - people acquire this type of disability throughout their lifetime, either by a
bad brain injury or multiple sclerosis.
₋ Memory disorder
₋ Hyperactivity
₋ Dyslexia
 Intellectual Disability– A person having an intellectual disability is seen to have low intelligence or
rational ability which is evident in their lack of skills for the basic day to day activities. People
with this problem take a considerable amount of time to learn new activities. Eg. Down syndrome
 Physical Disability
 Sensory Disability - people with hearing and speech impairment.
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATION
Below is an adaptation of the classification used for the National Baseline Survey on
Disability, 2011
 Visual Impairment
 Hearing Impairment
 Speech Impairment
 Physical Impairment- (Quite Wide-ranging)
 Learning Disabilities
 Intellectual Disability
 Mental illness -Schizophrenia, Mania, Depression
 Autism Spectrum Disorders
 Albinism - Color Abnormality
 Specific Disorders/ Others e.g Cerebra Palsy,
 Multiple disabilities
CAUSES
Congenital: these are mostly due to genetic disorders or unknown events occurring during
pregnancy. Examples include: Downs Syndrome, Klinefelters Syndrome,Autism
Acquired:
Perinatal causes: hypoxia or anoxia- oxygen starvation of the baby during labour. The major
cause of this is prolonged labour and fetal distress. This causes infections like meningitis,
malaria, measles, syphilis, trachoma, can cause insult to the growing brain and other tissues
Trauma: physical trauma to the child during delivery, road traffic accidents
Nutritional: deficiencies of Vitamin A and Protein/ Energy malnutrition
Metabolic: Phenylketonuria, Diabetes
Lactogenic: due to drug reactions e.g Hearing loss following gentamycin injections.
Non Communicable Diseases and Neoplasia( cancers)
PREVENTION

Primary prevention – actions to avoid or remove the cause of a health


problem in an individual or a population before it arises. It includes
health promotion and specific protection (for example, wearing of seat
belts, health education, antenatal care and delivery by skilled
medical personnel, environmental sanitation)
Secondary prevention – actions to detect a health problem at an early
stage in an individual or a population, facilitating cure, or reducing or
preventing spread, or reducing or preventing its long-term effects (for
example, premarital screening for genotype, early infant screening and
diagnosis)
Tertiary prevention – actions to reduce the impact of an already
established disease by restoring function and reducing disease related
complications (for example, physiotherapy for children with cerebral
MANAGEMENT
Habilitation/ Rehabilitation:
1. Medical rehabilitation: Involves medical management of sequelae
e.g treating seizures, infections, psychological/psychiatric care for
mental illnesses and behavioural disorders,
2. Physical rehabilitation: involves physiotherapy, provision of
prosthesis for missing limbs, corrective surgeries for malformations
3. Educational Rehabilitation: learning sign language for the hearing
and speech impaired, braille for the visually impaired
4. Occupational/ Vocational Rehabilitation: Training the individual to
acquire new skill sets that he can utilize to earn a living
5. Social Rehabilitation: involves integrating the individual into the
society and helping them to live as independently as possible. E.g,
provision of assistive devices e.g wheel chairs, guide canes, joining
support groups, creating accessible public facilities
CONCLUSION
Disability occurs through the interaction of impairment and
environmental factors
There are several types of disability. Some children present with more
than one type.
Some causes of disability are preventable while others are not.
Just like any other child, proper habilitation/ rehabilitation of the child
with disability will produce an adult with a brighter future.

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