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Supervised Learning Unit 4neural Network

The document discusses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), which model relationships between input and output signals inspired by biological brains. It outlines the characteristics, advantages, and applications of ANNs, including their robustness to noise and use in various fields like medical research and fraud detection. Additionally, it covers network topology, including single-layer and multi-layer networks, as well as the direction of information flow in feedforward and recurrent networks.

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12 views28 pages

Supervised Learning Unit 4neural Network

The document discusses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), which model relationships between input and output signals inspired by biological brains. It outlines the characteristics, advantages, and applications of ANNs, including their robustness to noise and use in various fields like medical research and fraud detection. Additionally, it covers network topology, including single-layer and multi-layer networks, as well as the direction of information flow in feedforward and recurrent networks.

Uploaded by

Saumya Singla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit -4

Supervised Learning: Dual Use


Neural Network
• An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models
the relationship between a set of input signals
and an output signal using a model derived from
our understanding of how a biological brain
responds to stimuli from sensory inputs. Just as
a brain uses a network of interconnected cells
called neurons to create a massive parallel
processor, ANN uses a network of artificial
neurons or nodes to solve learning problems.
Artificial Neural Network
• The study of artificial neural networks (ANNs)
has been inspired in part by the observation
that biological learning systems are built of
very complex webs of interconnected neurons
in brains.
• ANNs are built out of a densely
interconnected set of simple units, where
each unit takes a number of real-valued inputs
and produces a single real-valued output.
• Neural networks use neurons defined this way as
building blocks to construct complex models of data.
Although there are numerous variants of neural
networks, each can be defined in terms of the
following characteristics:
• An activation function, which transforms a neuron's
combined input signals into a single output signal to
be broadcasted further in the network.
• A network topology (or architecture), which
describes the number of neurons in the model
• as well as the number of layers and manner in
which they are connected.
• The training algorithm that specifies how
connection weights are set in order to inhibit
or excite neurons in proportion to the input
signal.
Advantage of Using Artificial
Neural Networks
• ANNs is used for problems having the target
function output may be discrete-valued, real-
valued, or a vector of several real- or discrete-
valued attributes.
• ANN learning methods are quite robust to noise in
the training data. The training examples may
contain errors, which do not affect the final output.
• It is used generally used where the fast
• evaluation of the learned target function may
be required.
• ANNs can bear long training times depending
on factors such as the number of weights in
the network, the number of training examples
considered
Characteristics of Artificial Neural
Network
• It is neurally implemented mathematical model
• It contains huge number of interconnected
processing elements called neurons to do all
operations
• Information stored in the neurons are basically
the weighted linkage of neurons
• The input signals arrive at the processing
elements through connections and connecting
weights.
• It has the ability to learn , recall and generalize
from the given data by suitable assignment
and adjustment of weights.
• The collective behavior of the neurons
describes its computational power, and no
single neuron carries specific information .
How simple neuron works

• Let there are two neurons X and Y which is transmitting signal to another
neuron Z . Then , X and Y are input neurons for transmitting signals
and Z is output neuron for receiving signal . The input neurons are
connected to the output neuron , over a interconnection links ( A and B ) as
shown in figure .
• For above neuron architecture , the net input has to be calculated in the way .
I = xA + yB
where x and y are the activations of the input neurons X and Y . The output z
of the output neuron Z can be obtained by applying activations over the net
input .
O = f(I)
Application of Neural Network
1.Every new technology need assistance from previous one i.e.
data from previous ones and these data are analyzed so that
every pros and cons should be studied correctly . All of these
things are possible only through the help of neural network.
2. Neural network is suitable for the research on Animal
behavior, predator/prey relationships and population cycles .
3. It would be easier to do proper valuation of property,
buildings, automobiles, machinery etc. with the help of
neural network.
4.Neural Network can be used in betting on horse races,
sporting events and most importantly in stock
market .
5. It can be used to predict the correct judgement for
any crime by using a large data of crime details as
input and the resulting sentences as output.
6. By analyzing data and determining which of the data
has any fault ( files diverging from peers ) called
as Data mining, cleaning and validation can be
achieved through neural network.
8. It can be used efficiently in Employee hiring so that any
company can hire right employee depending upon the skills
the employee has and what should be it’s productivity in future
.
9. It has a large application in Medical Research .
10. It can be used to for Fraud Detection regarding credit cards ,
insurance or taxes by analyzing the past records .
Network Topology
• The ability of a neural network to learn is rooted in
its topology, or the patterns and structures of
interconnected neurons. Although there are
countless forms of network architecture, they can be
differentiated by three key characteristics:
• The number of layers
• Whether information in the network is allowed to
travel backward
• The number of nodes within each layer of the
network
Number of Layers
• The input and output nodes are arranged in groups known as
layers. Because the input nodes process the incoming data
exactly as it is received, the network has only one set of
connection weights (labeled here as w1, w2, and w3). It is
therefore termed a single-layer network
• As you might expect, an obvious way to create more complex
networks is by adding additional layers. As depicted here, a
multilayer network adds one or more hidden layers that
process the signals from the input nodes prior to it
reaching the output node.
Single Layer Network
Multi-Layer Network
• The artificial neural network takes input and
computes the weighted sum of the inputs and
includes a bias. This computation is
represented in the form of a transfer function.
Direction of Information
• You may have noticed that in the prior
examples, arrowheads were used to indicate
signals traveling in only one direction.
Networks in which the input signal is fed
continuously in one direction from connection
to connection until it reaches the output layer
are called feedforward networks.
• In contrast, a recurrent network (or feedback
network) allows signals to travel in both
directions using loops.
• This property, which more closely mirrors how
a biological neural network works, allows
extremely complex patterns to be learned.
• The addition of a short-term memory, or
delay, increases the power of recurrent
networks immensely.
Number of Nodes
• The number of input nodes is predetermined
by the number of features in the input data.
Similarly, the number of output nodes is
predetermined by the number of outcomes to
be modeled or the number of class levels in
the outcome.

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