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Inferential statistics involves techniques for making conclusions about a population based on sample data, building on descriptive statistics. A statistical investigation follows five stages: data collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation. Statistics has various applications across fields, but it also has limitations, such as dealing only with quantitative information and the potential for misuse.

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18 views14 pages

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Inferential statistics involves techniques for making conclusions about a population based on sample data, building on descriptive statistics. A statistical investigation follows five stages: data collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation. Statistics has various applications across fields, but it also has limitations, such as dealing only with quantitative information and the potential for misuse.

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Rinki Chaudhary
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Inferential Statistics

This branch of statistics deals with techniques of making conclusions about the
population

Inferential statistics builds upon descriptive statistics

The inferences are drawn from particular properties of sample to particular


properties of population

Inferential statistics are used to make generalizations from a sample to a


population.

They encompasses a variety of procedures to ensure that the inferences are sound
and rational, even though they may not always be correct
Stages in statistical investigation

There are five stages or steps in any statistical investigation

1. Collection of data
• The process of obtaining measurements or counts.

2. Organization of data
• Includes editing, classifying, and tabulating the data collected

3. Presentation of data
• overall view of what the data actually looks like
• facilitate further statistical analysis
• Can be done in the form of tables and graphs or diagrams
4. Analysis of data
• To dig out useful information for decision making
• It involves extracting relevant information from the data (like mean, median,
mode, range, variance. . . )

5. Interpretation of data
• Concerned with drawing conclusions from the data collected and analyzed; and
giving meaning to analysis results
• A difficult task and requires a high degree of skill and experience
Definition of Some basic terms
Population:
• Population is the complete set of possible measurements for which inferences are
to be made.

Census:
• a complete enumeration of the population. But in most real problems it cannot be
realized, hence we take sample.

Sample:
• A sample from a population is the set of measurements that are actually collected
in the course of an investigation.

Parameter:
• Characteristic or measure obtained from a population.
Data:
• Refers to a collection of facts, values, observations, or measurements that the
variables can assume.

Statistics:
• Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with data collection, organization,
analysis, interpretation and presentation.

Sampling:
• The process or method of sample selection from the population.

Sample Size:
• The number of elements or observation to be included in the sample.
Applications of Statistics

• In almost all fields of human endeavor


• Almost all human beings in their daily life are subjected to
obtaining numerical facts e.g. abut price.
• Applicable in some process e.g. invention of certain drugs,
extent of environmental pollution.
• In industries especially in quality control area
Uses of Statistics
The main function of statistics is to enlarge our knowledge of complex phenomena. The
following are some uses of statistics:

• It presents facts in a definite and precise form.


• Data reduction.
• Measuring the magnitude of variations in data.
• Furnishes a technique of comparison.
• Estimating unknown population characteristics.
• Testing and formulating of hypothesis.
• Studying the relationship between two or more variable.
• Forecasting future events
Limitations of Statistics
As a science statistics has its own limitations. The following are some of
the limitations:

• Deals with only quantitative information.


• Deals with only aggregate of facts and not with individual data items.
• Statistical data are only approximately and not mathematical correct.
• Statistics can be easily misused and therefore should be used be experts
Types of Data

Types of
Data

Quantitative Qualitative
Data Data

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc


Quantitative Data

Measured on a numeric
scale.
4
• Number of defective 943
items in a lot. 21 52
• Salaries of CEOs of
oil companies. 120 12
• Ages of employees at
a company.
8
71 3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc


Qualitative Data
Classified into categories.
• College major of each
student in a class.
• Gender of each employee
at a company.
• Method of payment
(cash, check, credit card).

$ Credit

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc


Source of Data

 Primary data:
 collected from the items or individual respondents
directly for the purpose of certain study.

 Secondary data:
 which had been collected by certain people or agency,
and statistically treated and the information contained in
it is used for other purpose.
Frequency: number of times that something occurs.
The notation fx is used to denote the frequency or number of times the value x
occurs.

Relative frequency = frequency divide by sum of all frequencies


The relative frequency is just the frequency divided by the sample size n.

Frequency distribution: is a table showing a listing of all observed values of the


variable being studied and how many times each value is observed. The number of
times that something occurs is known as its frequency.

Cumulative frequency: frequencies are added up.


•For example 1/30*100= 3% and 7/30*100 =23%

Cumulative relative frequency: sums of all relative frequencies below and including
each category

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