BASIC IN INFECTIOLOGY AND

Assoc. Pr. Mam NUN

HP: 012 80 41 49
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Objectives
• To explain the basic in Infectiology
• To display the manner of contamination
• To present the clinical signs & complications
• To demonstrate different types of infection

Outcomes
After the session students able to:
• Understand and differentiate type infection
• Identify clinical signs & complications
• Getting a good basic knowledges of infection

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 WHAT IS INFECTION ?

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by

disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the
reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents ...

[en .wikipedia. org >wiki> infection]

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 CAUSES

Infectious diseases can be caused by:

1-Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as
strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
2-Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of
diseases — ranging from the common cold to AIDS.
3-Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are
caused by fungi. Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous
system.
4-Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a
mosquito bite. Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from
animal feces.
5-Prion. It is an infectious agent consisting mainly of protein – It is
neither bacterial nor fungal. When it folds into an abnormal shape it
turns into a rogue agent and affects the structure of the brain or other
parts of the nervous system. All forms of prion infections are currently
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untreatable and fatal.
Bacteria Virus

Fungus Parasites
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 Direct contact contamination

1-Person to person.
This can occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus
touches, kisses, or coughs or sneezes on someone who isn't
infected. These germs can also spread through the exchange of
body fluids from sexual contact.
2-Animal to person.
Being bitten or scratched by an infected animal — even a pet — can
make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal. Handling
animal waste can be hazardous, too.
3-Mother to unborn child.
A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious diseases
to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta.
Germs in the vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.

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MOTHER TO UNBORN
CHILD

HIV + UNBBORN CHILD

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 Indirect contact contamination

1-Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact.

Many germs can linger on an inanimate object, such as a tabletop,
doorknob or faucet handle.
E.g. When people touch a doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu
or a cold, people can pick up the germs he or she left behind. If you then
touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your hands, it may
become infected.

2-Blood transfusion : On rare occasion,

blood products are contaminated with
bacteria or viral, also known as
transfusion-transmitted bacterial
infection. Blood product contamination,
while rare, is still more common than
actual infection.
E.g. Sharing the same needle in drug
addict injection (hepatitis, HIV…)
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3-Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers such as
mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks (to move from
host to host). These carriers are known as
vectors.
Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite
and deer ticks may carry the bacterium that
causes Lyme disease.

4-Food contamination
Another way disease-causing germs can
infect you is through contaminated food and
water. This mechanism of transmission allows
germs to be spread to many people through a
single source. E. coli (bacterium present in or
on certain foods ) such as undercooked
hamburger or unpasteurized fruit juice.
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5-An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens
that can be transmitted through the air by both small, dry particles,
and as larger liquid droplets. Wikipedia

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 Symptoms

Each infectious disease has its own

specific signs and symptoms. -TYPHOID FEVER
-CHOLEREA
-DYSENTERY
General signs and symptoms -HIV
common to a number of infectious -FOOD POISONING
diseases include: -MALARIA
• Fever +++ -HEPATITIS
• Diarrhea -TUBERCULOSIS
• Fatigue -ZONA
• Muscle aches -DENGUE FEVER
-….
• Coughing

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 RISK FACTORS TO INFECTION

1-Patient taking steroids or other medications that suppress your

immune system, such as anti-rejection drugs for a transplanted
organ.
2-Patients have HIV or AIDS (opportunistic infection)
3-Patients have certain types of cancer or other disorders that
affect your immune system.
4-Certain other medical conditions may predispose to infection,
including implanted medical devices, malnutrition and extremes
of age (weak immune system).

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 COMPLICATIONS

Most infectious diseases have only minor complications. But

some infections such as pneumonia, AIDS and meningitis can
become life-threatening.

E.g.: A few types of infections have been linked to a long-term

increased risk of cancer:
• Human papillomavirus is linked to cervical cancer.
• Helicobacter pylori is linked to stomach cancer and peptic ulcers.
• Hepatitis B and C have been linked to liver cancer.

In addition, some infectious diseases may become silent, only to

appear again in the future — sometimes even decades later.
E.g.: someone who's had a chickenpox infection may develop
shingles (viral infection causes a painful rash) much later in life.
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 INVESTIGATION
1-Laboratory tests?

1-Blood tests. A technician usually obtains a sample of blood by

vein puncture looking for germs.
2-Urine tests. This requires patient to urinate into a container. To
avoid contamination of the sample, patient may to cleanse genital
area with an antiseptic pad and to collect the urine midstream.
3-Throat swabs. Samples from your throat, or other moist areas of
your body may find the germ.
4-Stool sample. So a lab can check the sample for parasites and
other organisms.
5-Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). This procedure obtains a sample of
cerebrospinal fluid through a needle carefully inserted between the
bones of your lower spine.

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2-Imaging scans
Imaging procedures — such as X-
rays, computerized tomography and
magnetic resonance imaging — can
help pinpoint diagnoses and rule out
other conditions that may be causing
your symptoms.
TB

3-Biopsies
During a biopsy, a tiny
sample of tissue is taken from
an internal organ for testing.
E.g.: a biopsy of lung tissue
can be checked for a variety of
fungi that can cause a type of
pneumonia.
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LOCATION CLASSIFICATION

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 EPIDEMIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
an infection is said to be

An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large

number of people in a given population within a short period of time,
usually two weeks or less.

An Endemic in a population when that infection is constantly

maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external
inputs.
e.g. chickenpox is endemic in the UK, but malaria is not.

A pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread

across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even
worldwide.
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TYPES OF INFECTION

Iatrogenic
infection
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1-What is a primary infection?
Definition of primary infection. : the initial infection of a host by a
pathogen that has completed a resting or dormant period.
www.merriam-webster.com › dictionary › primary infection

2-What is a secondary infection?

A secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after
treatment for another infection. It may be caused by the first
treatment or by changes in the immune system. Two examples of a
secondary infection are: A vaginal yeast infection after taking
antibiotics to treat an infection caused by bacteria.
27 កញ្ញា 2017 medline plus.gov › ency › article

3-What does reinfection mean?

A second infection that follows recovery from a previous infection
by the same causative agent.
definition.org › define › reinfection
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4-What is focal infection?
A localized infection, as in the gallbladder, teeth, or tonsils, which
may spread to other parts of the body through the blood...
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Focal_infection_theory

5-What is meant by iatrogenic infection?

Iatrogenic: Due to the activity of a physician or therapy. For
example, an iatrogenic illness is an illness that is caused by a
medication or physician.
E.g. radiation & chemotherapy-necessarily aggressive effect
www.medicinenet.com › script › main › art

6-Cross infection is the transfer of harmful microorganisms, usually

bacteria and viruses. The spread of infections can occur between
people, pieces of equipment, or within the body. These infections
can cause many complications. So, medical professionals work hard
to ensure equipment safety and a clean environment.
Aug 2, 2016, Cross Infection | Definition and Patient Education - Healthlinewww.healthline.com › health › cross-
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7-What does endogenous infection mean?
In medicine, an endogenous infection is a disease arising from an
infectious agent already present in the body but previously asymptomatic.
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Endogenous_infectionEndogenous infection - Wikipedia

8-Exogenous Infections an exogenous infections, in contrast, involve a

pathogen entering a patient's body from his/her environment. These
pathogens can be introduced through a contaminated device, healthcare
worker, surface, or other vector.
Jan 21, 2018
blog.eoscu.com › blog › endogenous-vs.-exogenous-infections-its-all-ab...

9-Nosocomial infection

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10-What is a latent bacterial infection?
An infection that is inactive or dormant is called a latent infection. E.g. of a
latent bacterial infection is latent tuberculosis. ... An acute infection is one
in which symptoms develop rapidly; its course can either be rapid or
protracted.
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › InfectionInfection - Wikipedia

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 REF(s)
• What's the Difference Between Inflammation and Infection? | Canton ...
• https://patch.com/connecticut /.../ what's-the-difference-between-inflammation-and-infection...
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: What CRP Levels Say About You - Healthline
• https://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/rheumatoid-arthritis-crp-levels
• Inflammation: Causes, Symptoms & Anti-Inflammatory Diet
• https://www.livescience.com/52344-inflammation.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin _ flora…
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7617/
• Humoral immunity – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity
• …....................................

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