Assoc. Pr. NUN mam , MD.

MASTER DEGREE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE

(MOHIDOL UNIVERSITY,THAILAND)
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Objectives
• To display overview of source of immune system
• To explain about innate & adaptive immune
• To present about immune deficiency

Outcomes: After the session students able:

• To recognize and differentiate most of the types of immune
system.
• To classify immune systems in human body
• To acquire the role each of them against infection

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 The immune system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

The immune system is a host

defense system comprising:
1-many biological structures
2-and processes within an
organism that protects
against disease.

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 What is the meaning of immune function?
The bodily (physical) system that
protects the body from foreign
substances, cells, and tissues by
producing the immune response
and that includes especially the
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes,
special deposits of lymphoid
tissue (as in the gastrointestinal
tract and bone marrow),
macrophages, lymphocytes
including the B cells and ...

Immune System | Definition of Immune System by Merriam

-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immune
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%20system
 How does immune system work?
To function properly, an immune system must
1- detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from
bacteria, viruses, fungus to parasitic worms,
2- distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue.

In many species, the immune system can be classified

into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus
the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus
cell-mediated immunity.

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HUMAN DEFENCES
1-Humans, have even more
sophisticated defense mechanisms,
including the ability to adapt over time
to recognize specific pathogens more
efficiently.

2-Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

creates immunological memory after
an initial response to a specific
pathogen, leading to an enhanced
response to subsequent encounters
with that same pathogen.

3-This process of acquired immunity

is the basis of vaccination. 6
I-ANATOMICAL DEFEND

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HEMATOPOIESIS

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 II-BLOOD CELLS – IMMUNITY SYSTEM

O2
CO2 Blood WHICH BLOOD CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY ?
clotting WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF BLOOD CELLS?
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HEMOGRAM

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 HYPERLEUCOCYTOSIS

Non
malignant malignant

Normal Infection or leukomoid leukemia

inflammation

5000 10000 20000 1000000

1-Peripheral blood smear
2-Bone marrow exam

Infection if NEU>81% or N+E+B=81% 14

 PHAGOCYTOSIS
How do antibodies kill?

The antibodies destroy the

antigen (pathogen) which is
then engulfed and digested
by macrophages.
White blood cells (WBC)
can also produce chemicals
called antitoxins which
destroy the toxins (poisons)
some bacteria produce
when they have invaded the
body.

Microbes and the human body – Antibody–antigen

complex
microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/
microbes.../antibody-antigen-complex
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16
LYMPHOCYTE CELLS

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WHAT BLOOD CELLS ARE INSIDE LYMPH NODE?
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 Clonal expansion
is the process by which
daughter cells arise from a
parent cell.
During B cell clonal
expansion, many copies of
that B cell are produced that
share affinity with and
specificity of the same
antigen.
Humoral Immune Response | Boundless Anatomy
and ...courses. lumenlearning.com › boundless-ap
› chapter › hu..

BCR=B cell receptor

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Why is clonal expansion so
important?
Some of the lymphocytes
created will act as long-term
memory cells.
Of all possible B-cells, this
process is used to identify
those that have the
corresponding receptor that
will recognize antigens from
a pathogen during an
infection.
Chapter 16- Specific Defense- The immune
system Flashcards ...quizlet.com › chapter-16-
specific-defense-the-immune-sy...

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 Definition of antibody
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antibody

Any of a large number of

proteins of high
molecular weight that
are produced normally
by specialized B cells
after stimulation by an
antigen and act
specifically against the
antigen in an immune
response, called also
immunoglobulin

HOW IMMUNOGLOBULIN ARE PRODUCED? 23

Clonal expansion of
B cells

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 Immunoglobulin
function
Immunoglobulins, also known
as antibodies, are glycoprotein
molecules produced by plasma
cells (B cells).

They act as a critical part of

the immune response by
specifically recognizing and
binding to particular antigens,
such as bacteria or viruses, and
aiding in their destruction.

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 Structure: Mainly it is composed
of 4 polypeptide chains: one pair of
heavy chain (H) and one pair of light
chain (L).
When these chains are attached
by disulfide bonds, it gives a Y-shape,
to attach to the A/G (Fab = fragment
antigen binder) and macrophage (Fc
= crystallizable fragment).
The main activity of
immunoglobulin is opsonization
(bridge), this process making it easy
for phagocytes to know the antigens
well. Fc can bind to certain cell
membranes: macrophage,
neutrophil, basophil and
lymphocytes.

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GAMDE 27
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 How to distinguish T cell?
T cells can be distinguished
from other lymphocytes, such
as B cells and natural killer cells,
by the presence of a T-cell
receptor on the cell surface.
They are called T cells because
they mature in the thymus from
thymocytes (although some
also mature in the tonsils).

T cell - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

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Do T cells undergo clonal expansion?
After antigen presentation, selected lymphocytes undergo clonal
expansion because they have the needed antigen receptor. ... During T
cell differentiation, the naive T cell becomes a blast cell that proliferates
by clonal expansion and differentiates into memory and effector T cells.
Aug 13, 2020
20.7A: Clonal Selection and T-Cell Differentiation - Medicine ...med.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › 20:_Immune_System

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins. 32

 Classification of T-cells in the immune system

T-cells are essential for human immunity. The devastating effects

of a lower-than-normal number of T-cell are all evident in HIV/AIDS.

Broadly speaking they can be divided into two different types,

1-Killer T-cells have ‘X-ray vision’ as they are able to see inside our
bodies own cells simply by scanning their surface. This mechanism
allows killer T-cells to hunt down and destroy cells that are infected
with germs or that have become cancerous.
2-Helper T-cells orchestrate an immune response and play
important roles in all arms of immunity.

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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENTS BETWEEN T CELL & B CELL?
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 III-HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated
by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted
antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial
peptides.

Humoral immunity is so named because it involves substances

found in the humors (or body fluids).

Humoral immunity - Wikipedia

https://en .wikipedia. org/wiki/Humoral_immunity

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HOW THEY KILL A/G?

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In humans, this
response is activated by
complement binding to
antibodies that have
attached to these
microbes or the binding
of complement proteins
to carbohydrates on the
surfaces of microbes.
This recognition signal
triggers a rapid killing
response.

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39
Interferon (IFNs) are a group
of signaling proteins made
and released by host cells in
response to the presence of
several pathogens, such as
viruses, bacteria, parasites,
and also tumor cells.

Interferon - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

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IV-INFLAMMATION
Inflammation is the body's
response to injury. It works to heal
wounds, but it can also play a role
in some chronic diseases. ...

It is the body's attempt to heal

itself after an injury; defend itself
against foreign invaders, such as
viruses and bacteria; and repair
damaged tissue.

Sep 30, 2015

Inflammation: Causes, Symptoms & Anti-Inflammatory Diet
https://www.livescience.com/52344-inflammation.html

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DIAPEDESIS

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What are the inflammatory process ?

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WHAT ARE THE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION ?

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45
What's-the-difference-between-inflammation-and-infection?
Further, while infection almost always causes inflammation, but
inflammation is very often present in the absence of infection.
Infection involves colonization of body tissues by microorganisms
such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or even the newest form of infectious
organism discovered, "prions.“
Feb 23, 2014
What's the Difference Between Inflammation and Infection? | Canton ...
https://patch.com/connecticut /.../ what's-the-difference-between-inflammation-and-infection...

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What is the normal level of
inflammation?
C-reactive protein is measured in
milligrams of CRP per liter of blood
(mg/L).
-Normal CRP levels are < 3.0 mg/dL.

-A standard CRP test often can't even

detect normal levels because they're
so low.
-A high sensitivity CRP test can detect
levels below 10.0 mg/dL.

Feb 17, 2017.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: What CRP Levels Say About You -
Healthline
https://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/rheumatoid-
arthritis-crp-levels
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 Ref(s)
1-Immune System | Definition of Immune System by Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immune%20system
2-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system
3-Microbes and the human body – Antibody–antigen complex
microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/microbes.../antibody-antigen-
complex
4-https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antibody
5-T cell – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell
6-Inflammation: Causes, Symptoms & Anti-Inflammatory Diet
https://www.livescience.com/52344-inflammation.html

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What are signs of a weak immune system?

Signs and symptoms of primary immunodeficiency can

include:
• Frequent and recurrent pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus
infections, ear infections, meningitis or skin infections.
• Inflammation and infection of internal organs.
• Blood disorders, such as low platelet counts or anemia.

Primary immunodeficiency - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

https://www. mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary.../symptoms.../syc-20376905

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 1-Immunodeficiencies

Immunodeficiency occur when one or more of the components of

the immune system are inactive.
The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is
diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune
responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to
immunosenescence.

In developed countries, obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are

common causes of poor immune function. However, malnutrition
is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in
developing countries.
Immunodeficiency can also be inherited or 'acquired’.

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 2-Autoimmunity

Overactive immune responses

comprise the other end of immune
dysfunction, particularly the
autoimmune disorders.
Here, the immune system fails to
properly distinguish between self and
non-self, and attacks part of the body.

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 4-Idiopathic inflammation

Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system

to infection. But it can appear without known cause.

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