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LECTURE-01 14feb

The document provides an introduction to geology, defining it as the study of the Earth, its materials, and the processes affecting them. It outlines various branches of geology, including physical geology, structural geology, mineralogy, and economic geology, among others, and emphasizes the importance of geology in practical applications such as resource exploration and understanding natural hazards. Additionally, it categorizes physical geology into endogenous and exogenous geology, detailing their sub-branches.

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12 views23 pages

LECTURE-01 14feb

The document provides an introduction to geology, defining it as the study of the Earth, its materials, and the processes affecting them. It outlines various branches of geology, including physical geology, structural geology, mineralogy, and economic geology, among others, and emphasizes the importance of geology in practical applications such as resource exploration and understanding natural hazards. Additionally, it categorizes physical geology into endogenous and exogenous geology, detailing their sub-branches.

Uploaded by

reseracher321
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

GEOLOGY/GEOSCIENC
ES
Course Outline
 Fundamentals of physical geology
 Including composition of structure of the earth
 surface and groundwater
 Weathering and erosion
 Sedimentation
 Glaciation
 Diastrophism
 Volcanism
Introduction to Geology

Geology is derived from the Greek word

‘’Geo’’ means ‘’Earth’’

‘’Logy’’ means ‘’study’’

Therefore, geology is the branch of science which deals with the


study of earth, its material and processes that affect them.

Geology not only includes processes that shaped the earth's surface
but also involves the study of interior of earth and oceanic floor.
Introduction to Geology Cont.

Hence, in the most simplified way geology can be defined as


the science of earth dealing with its composition, structure
and geological history.
The Branches of Geology

 On the broad spectrum, geology can be divided into several


branches, listed below

I. Physical geology

II. Structure geology

III. Geomorphology

IV. Petrology

V. Mineralogy
The Branches of Geology

VI. Hydrogeology

VII.Stratigraphy

VIII.Economic geology

IX. Petroleum geology

X. Geochemistry

XI. Geophysics

XII.Engineering Geology
1.Physical Geology

it is concerned with all aspects of the Earth's structure,


composition, physical properties, constituent rocks and
minerals, and surficial features.
2. Structural Geology

Is the study of three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to


their deformational histories.
3. Mineralogy

is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry,


crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

4. Petrology
Petrology is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under
which they form.
• Petrology has further three subdivisions
i. Igneous
ii. Metamorphic
iii. Sedimentary
5. Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy concerns with the study of rock layers and layering. It is

primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.

6. Economic geology
This branch of geology focuses on earth materials that can be used for
economic or industrial development purposes.
7. Petroleum Geology

It is the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and


exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.
8. Geomorphology

It is the study of features of earth surfaces, Specifically mountains, plains,


plateaus, valleys and basins.

9. Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry
to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the
Earth's crust and its ocean, nature of groundwater, kerogen type, etc.
10. Hydrology

It is the study of distribution and movement of water both above and


below the Earth's surface, as well as the impact of human activity on
water availability and conditions.
11. Engineering Geology

The application of geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring


that the geological factors regarding the location of construction site.
11. Geophysics

Geophysics deals with the physical processes and properties of earth and
its surroundings environment by using quantitative methods for their
analysis.
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF
GEOLOGY
in practical terms

 Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration


and exploitation.

 Evaluating water resources and water budgeting.

 understanding natural hazards.

 Remediating environmental problems.

 Providing insights into past climate change


1. Physical Geology
The term physical geology was introduced by William Hopkins
in 1883.

 It is concerned with all aspects of the Earth's structure,


composition, physical properties, constituent rocks and
minerals, and surficial features.

It deals with the physical forces and processes that bring
about changes in the earth’s crust or to the surface of the
earth.
Classification of Physical Geology
Physical geology is broadly divided into two main branches.

I. Endogenous geology

the part of physical geology that deals with internal dynamics of


the earth.

II. Exogenous geology

the part of physical geology which concerns with external


dynamics of the earth.
Endogenous Geology
 it deals with the movement of earth’s crust, earthquake and
volcanic eruptions.

Endogenous geology is further divided into five sub branches.


 Geotectonic
 Metamorphism
 Magnetism

 Volcanism

 Seismology
Sub-Branches of Endogenous Geology

S:No Branches Definition

1 Geotectonic It deals with the occurrence of rocks, movement of


earth’s crust and the deformation caused by them.

2 Metamorphism It deals with the changes in rocks in the earth’s interior


under conditions of high temperature and pressure.

3 Magnetism It studies with the composition of magma and the


processes taking place in it.

4 Volcanism It concerned with the study of volcanos and their activity.

5 Seismology It is the study of earthquake and earth’s interior.


Exogenous Geology
 it encircles the processes that occur on the outer fringes of the
earth. It include sthe formation and development of sea, rivers,
streams, landforms, erosion, weathering and all sedimentary
processes.

It is further divided into six sub branches.

 Oceanography

 Marine geology
Exogenous Geology

 Weathering and mass movement

 Hydrogeology

 Glaciology

 Limnology
Sub-Branches of Exogenous Geology

S:No Branches Definition


1 Oceanography It deals with the geological activity of oceans and sea.

2 Marine geology It is the study of ocean floor and ocean-continent


margins.
3 Hydrogeology It is the study of geological activity of underground
water.
4 Glaciology It is the study of glaciers and processes relate with it.

5 Limnology It is the study of inland water such as lakes, rivers,


streams, etc.
6 Weathering and It deals with the alteration of rocks under the action of
Mass physical, chemical & biological activities.
movement

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