Unit - 2

Python operator and control flow Statements

 Data Types
• Python has seven standard data types:
Numbers
Boolean
String
List
Tuple We will discuss
Set these in UNIT-3
Dictionary
 Numbers
• Python supports four different numerical
types:
int (signed integers)
long (long integers, they can also be represented
in octal and hexadecimal)
float (floating point real values)
complex (complex numbers)
 Numbers
Program:
Output:
a=3
int is 3
b = 2.65
float is 2.65
c = 98657412345L long is 98657412345
d = 2+5j complex is (2+5j)
print ("int is",a)
print ("float is",b)
print ("long is",c)
print ("complex is",d)
 Boolean
• Booleans are identified by True or False.

Program:
a = True Output:
b = False True
print (a) False
print (b)
 Strings
• Strings in Python are identified as a
contiguous set of characters represented in
the quotation marks.
• Python allows for either pairs of single or
double quotes.
• Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice
operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0
in the beginning of the string and working
their way from -1 at the end.
 Strings
Program: Output:
str ="WELCOME"
print (str)
WELCOME
W
print (str[0])
LCO
print (str[2:5])
LCOME
print (str[2:]) WELCOMEWELCOME
print (str * 2) WELCOMECSE
print (str + "CSE“)
 Strings Methods
• capitalize()
str1=“hello"
print (str1.capitalize() ) # Hello
• center(width, fillchar)
str1="welcome“
print (str1.center(15,"*") ) # ****welcome****
• len(string)
str1="welcome"
print (len(str1)) #7
 Strings Methods
• count(str, beg= 0, end=len(string))
str1="welcome"
print (str1.count('e',0,len(str1))) #2
• endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))
str1="welcome"
print (str1.endswith('me',0,len(str1))) # True
• startswith(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
str1="welcome"
print (str1.startswith('me',0,len(str1))) # False
 Strings Methods
• replace(old, new)
str5="welcome to java“
print (str5.replace("java", "python“))
#welcome to python
• find(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
str1="welcome“
print (str1.find('e',0,len(str1))) #1
 Strings Methods
• isalnum()
str2="welcome2017"
print (str2.isalnum()) # True
• isalpha()
str2="welcome2017“
print (str2.isalpha()) # False
 Strings Methods
• islower()
str2="welcome2017"
print (str2.islower()) # True
• isupper()
str2="welcome2017"
print (str2.isupper()) # False
 DataType Conversion
• Sometimes, you may need to perform conversions
between the built-in types. To convert between
types, you simply use the type name as a function.
– int(x)-Converts x to an integer.
– float(x) -Converts x to float.
– str(x) -Converts x to string.
– tuple(s)-Converts s to tuple.
– hex(x)-Converts an integer to a hexa decimal
string.
 Python Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
a = 10
b = 20
Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a – b = -10

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and

% Modulus b%a=0
returns remainder

Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to the

** Exponent
operators power 20

The division of operands where the result is the

9//2 = 4 and
// Floor Division quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are
9.0//2.0 = 4.0
removed.
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
Operator Description Example

If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition

== (a == b) is not true.
becomes true.
If values of two operands are not equal, then condition
!= (a != b) is true.
becomes true.

If values of two operands are not equal, then condition (a <> b) is true. This is
<>
becomes true. similar to != operator.

If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right

> (a > b) is not true.
operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than the value of right
< (a < b) is true.
operand, then condition becomes true.

If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the

>= (a >= b) is not true.
value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value

<= (a <= b) is true.
of right operand, then condition becomes true.
 Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
Assigns values from right side operands to left side c = a + b assigns value of
=
operand a + b into c
+= It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the c += a is equivalent to c =
Add AND result to left operand c+a
-= It subtracts right operand from the left operand and c -= a is equivalent to c =
Subtract AND assign the result to left operand c-a

*= It multiplies right operand with the left operand and c *= a is equivalent to c =

Multiply AND assign the result to left operand c*a

/= It divides left operand with the right operand and c /= a is equivalent to c =

Divide AND assign the result to left operand c/a

%= It takes modulus using two operands and assign the c %= a is equivalent to c

Modulus AND result to left operand =c%a

**= Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators c **= a is equivalent to c

Exponent AND and assign value to the left operand = c ** a
//= It performs floor division on operators and assign value c //= a is equivalent to c =
Floor Division to the left operand c // a
 Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

And
If both the operands are true then (a and b) is
Logical
condition becomes true. true.
AND
Or If any of the two operands are non-zero (a or b) is
Logical OR then condition becomes true. true.
not
Used to reverse the logical state of its Not (a and
Logical
operand. b) is false.
NOT
a = 0011 1100 (60) Bitwise Operators
b = 0000 1101 (13)

Operator Description Example

& Operator copies a bit to the result if (a & b) = 12
Binary AND it exists in both operands. (means 0000 1100)

| It copies a bit if it exists in either (a | b) = 61

Binary OR operand. (means 0011 1101)
^ It copies the bit if it is set in one (a ^ b) = 49
Binary XOR operand but not both. (means 0011 0001)
~ (~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011
It is unary and has the effect of
Binary Ones in 2's complement form due to
'flipping' bits.
Complement a signed binary number.
The left operands value is moved
<< a << 2 = 240
left by the number of bits specified
Binary Left Shift (means 1111 0000)
by the right operand.

The left operands value is moved

>> a >> 2 = 15
right by the number of bits specified
Binary Right Shift (means 0000 1111)
by the right operand.
 Membership Operators
Operato
Description Example
r

Evaluates to true if it finds a x in y, here in results in

in variable in the specified a 1 if x is a member of
sequence and false otherwise. sequence y.
x not in y, here not in
Evaluates to true if it does not
results in a 1 if x is not
not in finds a variable in the specified
a member of sequence
sequence and false otherwise.
y.
 Identity Operators
Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if the variables on

x is y, here is results in 1 if
is either side of the operator point to
id(x) equals id(y).
the same object and false otherwise.

Evaluates to false if the variables on x is not y, here is not results

is not either side of the operator point to in 1 if id(x) is not equal to
the same object and true otherwise. id(y).
 Python Operator Precedence
Operator Description
( ) Parenthesis
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~ x, +x, -x Complement, unary plus and minus
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
 Expression
• An expression is a combination of variables constants and
operators written according to the syntax of Python language.
• In Python every expression evaluates to a value i.e., every
expression results in some value of a certain type that can be
assigned to a variable.
• Example:
• A*b-c
• (m+n)*(x+y)
• 3*x*x+2*x+1
• x/y+c
 Evaluation of Expression
• The expression is evaluated first and then replaces
the previous value of the variable on the left hand
side.
• The Expression can be evaluated based operator
precedence.
 Decision Making
• Decision making is anticipation of conditions
occurring while execution of the program and
specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
• Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions
which produce True or False as outcome.
Statement Description
if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more
if statements
statements.

if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes

if...else statements
when the boolean expression is FALSE.

nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement(s).
 if Statement
• The if statement contains a logical expression using
which data is compared and a decision is made based
on the result of the comparison.
• The condition is tested. If the condition is True, then
the statements given after colon (:) are executed.
• Syntax:
if Condition:
Statements
 if Statement
Program:
a=10 Output:
b=15 B is Big
if a < b : The value is 15
print ("b is Big“)
print ("The value is", b)
 if….else Statement
• An else statement contains the block of code that
executes if the conditional expression in the if
statement resolves to 0 or a FALSE value.
• Syntax:
if Condition:
Statements
else:
Statements
 if Statement
Program:
a=48
b=34 Output:
if a < b: a is big
print ("b is big“) a value is 48
print ("b value is", b) END
else:
print ("a is big “)
print ("a value is", a)
print ("END“)
 elif Statement
• The elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions for True and
execute a block of code as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to
True.
• Syntax:
if Condition1:
Statements
elif Condition2:
Statements
else:
Statements
 elif Statement
Program:
a=20
b=10 Output:
c=30 c is big
if a >= b and a >= c:
print ("a is big“)
elif b >= a and b >= c:
print ("b is big“)
else:
print( "c is big“)
 Iteration Statements
• In general, statements are executed sequentially: The
first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on. There may be a
situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times.
• A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or
group of statements multiple times.
Loop Type Description
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is TRUE.
while loop
It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code
for loop
that manages the loop variable.
nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for loop.
 while Loop
• A while loop statement in Python programming
language repeatedly executes a target statement as
long as a given condition is True.
• Syntax:
while Condition:
Statements
 while Loop
Program: Program:
i=1 i=1
while i <= 3 : while i <= 3 :
print (i) print (i)
i+=1 i+=1
print ("END") print ("END“)
Output: Output:
1 1
END 2
2 3
END END
3
END
 for Loop
• The for loop is useful to iterate over the elements of a
sequence.
• It means, the for loop can be used to execute a group of
statements repeatedly depending upon the number of
elements in the sequence.
• The for loop can work with sequence like string, list, tuple,
range etc.
• Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
Statements
 for Loop
Program: Program:
for i in range(1,4): for i in range(1,4):
print(i) print (i)
print ("END") print ("END“)

Output: Output:
1 1
END 2
2 3
END END
3
END
 Nested Loops
• It is possible to write one loop inside another
loop.
• For example, we can write a for loop inside a
while loop or a for loop inside another for
loop.
 Nested Loops
Program: Output
for i in range(1, 5): 1
for j in range(i): 22
print(i, end=' ') 333
4444
print()
 Jump Statements
• There are Three jump statements,
break
continue
pass
 break statement
• The break statement provides you with the opportunity to exit
out of a loop when an external condition is triggered.
Program:
n=int(input("Enter the n value"))
count=0 Output:
for i in range(2,n): Enter the n value: 7
if n%i==0: Prime Number
count=count+1
break
if count==0:
print ("Prime Number")
else:
print ("Not Prime Number")
 continue statement
• The continue statement gives you the option to skip over
the part of a loop where an external condition is
triggered, but to go on to complete the rest of the loop.
Program:
for number in range(1,7):
Output:
Number is 1
if number == 4: Number is 2
continue Number is 3
print ( 'Number is ' + str(number)) Number is 5
Number is 6
 pass statement
• When an external condition is triggered, the pass
statement allows you to handle the condition
without the loop being impacted in any way.
Program:
Output:
for number in range(1,7): Number is 1
if number == 4: Number is 2
pass Number is 3
print ('Number is ' + str(number)) Number is 4
Number is 5
Number is 6
 O U
K Y
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