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7-11 Dec Lectures

The document discusses repetition and selection statements in programming, focusing on the while, for, and do...while loops in C++. It explains the structure, execution flow, and use cases of these loops, including the break and continue statements that alter control flow. Additionally, it highlights the differences between pre-test and post-test loops, as well as nested control structures for pattern generation.

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14 views34 pages

7-11 Dec Lectures

The document discusses repetition and selection statements in programming, focusing on the while, for, and do...while loops in C++. It explains the structure, execution flow, and use cases of these loops, including the break and continue statements that alter control flow. Additionally, it highlights the differences between pre-test and post-test loops, as well as nested control structures for pattern generation.

Uploaded by

moeeniqbal175
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Repetition and Selection

Statements
Why Is Repetition Needed?

• Repetition allows you to efficiently use


variables
• Can input, add, and average multiple
numbers using a limited number of variables
• For example, to add five numbers:
− Declare a variable for each number, input the
numbers and add the variables together
− Create a loop that reads a number into a variable
and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of
the numbers
2
The while Loop

• The general form of the while statement is:


while (expression)
statement
while is a reserved word
• Statement can be simple or compound
• Expression acts as a decision maker and is
usually a logical expression
• Statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax
3
The while Loop (continued)

• Expression provides an entry condition

• Statement executes if the expression initially


evaluates to true

• Loop condition is then reevaluated

• Statement continues to execute until the


expression is no longer true

4
The while Loop (continued)

• Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly

• Can be avoided by including statements in


the loop body that assure exit condition will
eventually be false

5
The for Loop

• The general form of the for statement is:


for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement)

statement

• The initial statement, loop condition, and update


statement are called for loop control statements

9
for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement)

Body of for loop

The for loop executes as follows:


1. The initial statement executes.
2. The loop condition is evaluated. If the loop condition
evaluates to true
i. Execute the for loop body.
ii. Execute the update statement (the third expression
in the parentheses).
3. Repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to false.

The initial statement usually initializes a variable (called the for


loop control, or for indexed, variable).
In C++, for is a reserved word.
The for Loop (comments)
The following are some comments on for loops:
• If the loop condition is initially false, the loop body
does not execute.
• The update expression, when executed, changes the
value of the loop control variable (initialized by the
initial expression), which eventually sets the value of
the loop condition to false. The for loop body
executes indefinitely if the loop condition is always
true.
• C++ allows you to use fractional values for loop
control variables of the double type (or any real data
type). Because different computers can give these
loop control variables different results, you should
avoid using such variables.
14
The for Loop (comments)
• A semicolon at the end of the for statement (just
before the body of the loop) is a semantic error. In
this case, the action of the for loop is empty.
• In the for statement, if the loop condition is omitted,
it is assumed to be true.
• In a for statement, you can omit all three statements
—initial statement, loop condition, and update
statement. The following is a legal for loop:
• for (;;)

cout << "Hello" << endl;

15
Using for Loop, add first 10 positive even
integers.

#include <iostrem>
Using namespace std;
Int main() Sum=0+2+4+6+8
+10+12+14+16+
{ 18
int i, sum; Sum=90
for (i=0;i<20;i=i+2)
{
sum+=i;
}
cout<<sum<<endl;
Return 0;
}
17
The do…while Loop

• The general form of a do...while statement is:


do
statement
while (expression);
• The statement executes first, and then the
expression is evaluated
• If the expression evaluates to true, the statement
executes again
• As long as the expression in a do...while statement
is true, the statement executes

18
The do…while Loop (continued)

• To avoid an infinite loop, the loop body must


contain a statement that makes the
expression false
• The statement can be simple or compound
• If compound, it must be in braces
• do...while loop has an exit condition and
always iterates at least once (unlike for and
while)

19
Write program to add first 10 even
integers using do while loop
#include <iostream>
Using namespace std;
Int main()
{
int i=0, sum;
do
{
sum+=i;
i=i+2;
}
While(i<20);
cout<<sum<<endl;
Return 0;
} 23
break & continue Statements

• break and continue alter the flow of


control
• When the break statement executes in a
repetition structure, it immediately exits
• The break statement, in a switch structure,
provides an immediate exit
• The break statement can be used in while,
for, and do...while loops
24
break & continue Statements
(continued)
• The break statement is used for two
purposes:
1. To exit early from a loop
2. To skip the remainder of the switch structure
• After the break statement executes, the
program continues with the first statement
after the structure
• The use of a break statement in a loop can
eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables

25
break & continue Statements
(continued)
• continue is used in while, for, and do…
while structures

• When executed in a loop

− It skips remaining statements and proceeds


with the next iteration of the loop

26
break & continue Statements
(continued)
• In a while and do…while structure

− Expression (loop-continue test) is evaluated


immediately after the continue statement

• In a for structure, the update statement is


executed after the continue statement

− Then the loop condition executes

27
Nested Control Structures

• Suppose we want to create the following


pattern
*
**
***
****
*****
• In the first line, we want to print one star, in
the second line two stars and so on

28
Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• Since five lines are to be printed, we start
with the following for statement
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)

• The value of i in the first iteration is 1, in the


second iteration it is 2, and so on
• Can use the value of i as limit condition in
another for loop nested within this loop to
control the number of starts in a line

29
Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• The syntax is:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}

30
Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• What pattern does the code produce if we
replace the first for statement with the
following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)
• Answer:
*****
****
***
**
*

31
Summary

• C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:


while, for, and do…while
• while, for, and do are reserved words
• while and for loops are called pre-test
loops
• do...while loop is called a post-test loop
• while and for may not execute at all, but
do...while always executes at least once

32
Summary (continued)
• while: expression is the decision maker, and
the statement is the body of the loop
• In a counter-controlled while loop,
− Initialize counter before loop
− Body must contain a statement that changes the value
of the counter variable
• A sentinel-controlled while loop uses a
sentinel to control the while loop

33
Summary (continued)
• for loop: simplifies the writing of a count-
controlled while loop
• Executing a break statement in the body of a
loop immediately terminates the loop
• Executing a continue statement in the body
of a loop skips to the next iteration
• After a continue statement executes in a for
loop, the update statement is the next
statement executed
34

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