1

Session Objectives
2

At the end of the session, the

participants would be able to:
1. Identify the hazards associated in the
use of scaffoldings and other
temporary structures.
2. State the different types of temporary
structures.
3. Enumerate the safety requirements
for the safe use of scaffoldings and
other temporary structure
 Definition
3

Scaffolding is a temporary structure

made of timber, metal or bamboo
with platform and support and used
as workplace or for storage of
materials in the course of any
construction works, including
maintenance and demolition works
(OSHS).
Scaffoldings
A scaffold is a valuable aid to construction
work as it enables us to perform many jobs
which would otherwise not be possible.
Scaffolding was intended to be a safety aid
however, it remains one of the more serious
problem areas in construction due to a high
frequency and severity of incidents.
More than 50% of these injuries are due to
falls.
 Hazards in the Use of
5
Scaffolding

 Fall of person from height

 Fall of materials and objects from height
 Collapse of scaffold
 Overloading of the scaffold
 Safe access not provided
 Electrocution
 Classification of Scaffolds
6

 Supported Scaffolds are

platforms supported by legs,
outrigger, beams, brackets, poles,
uprights, posts, frames, or similar
rigid support.
 Suspended Scaffolds contains one
or more platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid means from
an overhead structure.
 Supported Scaffolds
7

Mobile or Rolling Scaffold

 Supported Scaffolds
8

Tube and Coupler Frame Scaffold

 Supported Scaffolds
9

Outrigger Scaffold
 Scaffolding Parts
10

Main Frame

Ladder Joint Pin

Cross Brace
11
Scaffolding Parts

Cat-walk Panel Cantilever Support

Adjustable Base Base Plate Castor Wheels

Plate
 Suspended Scaffolds
12
 Suspended Scaffolds
13
 Suspended Scaffolds
14
 Suspended Scaffolds
15
 Selection of a Scaffolding
16 System

 Basic considerations
 Weight of workers, tools,
materials and equipment
 Site conditions
 Height of scaffold
 Type of work that will be done
 Duration of work
 Selection of a Scaffolding
17 System

 Weather conditions
 Requirements for pedestrian traffic
 Means of access to the scaffold
 Configuration of the building or
structure being worked on
 Special erection or dismantling
circumstances
 Frame Scaffolds
18
 Frame Scaffolds
19

 Assure Stability
 Base Plates, nailed to
mud sill
 Mud Sills
 Firm Foundation
 Plumbed and braced to
prevent swaying and
displacement
20
Frame Scaffolds

 Unstable Objects
should not be
used to support
scaffolds
21
Frame Scaffolds
 Capacity
 four (4) times the maximum intended
load
 Braces
 Frames and panels must be
connected by cross, horizontal or
diagonal braces
 Plumbed and level
 Secured to prevent dislodging
22
Mobile Scaffolds
 Mobile or Rolling
Scaffolds
- should be
equipped with
castors or wheels.
 Shall not be
moved
horizontally while
employees are on
them.
23
24
Tube and Coupler Scaffold
 Tube and coupler scaffolds over
125 feet / 38.5 meters must be;
 Designed by a Structural Engineer
 Constructed and loaded in accordance
with the design
 Couplers must be made of
structural metal such as;
 Malleable iron
 Structural Grade Aluminum

 Gray cast iron is prohibited

 Tube and Coupler Scaffold
25

 Transverse bracing forming an “X”

must be installed at scaffold ends
 Every 3rd set of post
 Every 4th runner

 Longitudinal bracing must be

installed diagonally at
 45 degree angle
 Every 5th post repeatedly
 Building ties must be installed
 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
26

Transverse bracing

Longitudinal
Bracing

Wall Ties

Runner

Bearer Post
27
Rule 1414- OSHS
(4) Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be
limited to a height of 20 meters from the
ground or base, provided that over a
height of 10 meters, the scaffoldings
and all other installations constructed
over the scaffoldings shall be designed
by a structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate authority.
28
Rule 1414- OSHS
(5) At heights over 20 meters, structural
metals should be used and designed by a
structural engineer and duly approved by
appropriate authority;

(6) Structural steel when used as load

bearing members of scaffolding shall
be de-stressed at welded or bent joints
and design construction approved by
the appropriate authority.
29
Scaffold Height

20’ The height of the

scaffold should
not be more than
four times its
minimum base
dimension unless
guys, ties, or
braces are used

5’
30
31
Wall Ties and Anchorage
 Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be
restrained from tipping by ties and
braces.
 4:1 height from bottom and top most
 Vertically:
 every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 feet wide
 every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3
feet wide
 Horizontally every 30 feet from one
end
 Safety Consideration Common
32
to Scaffolds
 Fittings and Accessories
 To install all the parts, fittings and
accessories
 Base Plates and Screw Jacks
Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the
outside (visible) length of exposed screw to
inside screw length.
 Erection and Dismantling
 By trained personnel only
33

Poor attempt at securing cross

When scaffold frames are interconnected, failure of
bracing with wire
one frame can cause the whole system to collapse.
 Safety Consideration Common
34
to Scaffolds
Platform
 Fully planked and decked
 No more than 1” gap
 Platform overlap at
support only
 Overlap Length > 30 cm (12
in.)
 Deflection < 1/60 of
span, L
 Safety Consideration Common
35
to Scaffolds

Safe Access:
 Ladders, such as portable,
hook-on, attachable,
stairway type, and built-ins;
 Stair towers
 Ramps and walkways

*May use building stairs and come

out window
 Improper Access
36
 Working Distance
37

Working Distance
No gaps greater than 14
inches between the structure
and the scaffold platform
except when plastering.
 Suspended Scaffolds:
38

 Support Device rest on surfaces capable of

supporting at least four times the load
imposed
 Counterweights
 Must be able to resist at least four times the
tipping moment
 Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
 Made of non-flowable materials
 Tiebacks must be installed

 Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or

both
Guardrail System/Fall
Protection
Fall protection is required where the
working height is above 2 meters -
guardrail is required
Guardrails must be able to withstand a load
of 100 kgs
- Top rails at least 1 meter in height.
- Mid rails and toe boards
- Toe boards (a least 15 cm)
- Upright supports not more than 2 meters
apart
40
FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION
 Hardhats
 Barricades to exclude working below
 Toe boards at edges of platforms
 Provision of panels and screens
 Canopies
41
Clearance from Power Lines

Insulated Lines Minimum Distance

Voltage
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)

300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m)

more than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m) plus

4 inches for each 1 KV
over 50 KV
42
Clearance from Power Lines

Un-insulated Lines Minimum Distance

Voltage
Less than 50kv 10 feet (3.1 m)

More than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m) plus 4

inches (10cm) for each 1
kv over 50 kv
43

Example of scaffold being built

Example of scaffold being built
dangerously close to power lines.
dangerously close to power
lines.
44
Inspection
Inspect Scaffolds
 before use and attach a tag stating
the time and date of inspection.
 before each work-shift
 after changing weather conditions and
after prolonged interruptions of
work.
45
Inspection
Check for
 solid foundations, stable conditions
 complete working and rest platforms
 suitable anchorage points
 required guardrails
 loose connections
 tie-off points/ anchorage
 damaged components
 proper access
 use of fall protection equipment
46
 Dismantling
47

 Proceed in reverse order

to its erection
 Workers should wear a
safety harness and
lanyard tied off to a
secured anchor before
attempting to loosen
stuck or jammed parts
 Dismantling
48

 Prior to removal or loosening any component,

consider its effect on the scaffolds;
 Check if some parts are altered;
 Use only proper access;
 Do not remove ties until scaffolds has been
removed;
 Do not accumulate dismantled parts of
scaffolds;
 Lower components in a safe manner;
 Stockpile dismantled components orderly;
 Remove components immediately after
loosening clamps.
Training Areas
 Nature of Electrical, Fall & Falling
Object Hazards
 Correct Procedure for protection
 Proper use of scaffolds
 Load capacities of scaffolds
 Inspection

49
 To ensure safe use of
50
scaffolds
Always:
Use appropriate scaffold
construction methods
 Erect, move, or alter scaffold
properly
 Protect from falling objects or tools
Ensure stable access
Supervision by a competent person
 Train on scaffold construction and
the hazards involved with scaffolds
 Inspect scaffold before each shift
and after alterations
 Determine fall protection
requirements
51
Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be
done, there is always time to fall”
52
LADDERS
 Used as work platform only when in
use of small hand tools and
handling of light materials.
 Shall be of sufficient length and be
placed such that worker will not
stretch
 Damaged ladders shall be removed
and tagged “unsafe” or “destroyed”
 Positioned at 1horizontal to 4
vertical
 With handhold of at least 2.5 feet
 FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
53

1. Select the right ladder for the job.

2. Inspect ladder before you use it.
3. Setup the ladder with care.
4. Climb and descend ladders cautiously.
• Face ladder and hold on with both hands.
• Carry tools on belt or raise and lower with hand
line.
• Check shoes and rungs for slippery surfaces.
5. Use safe practices when working on a ladder.
• Always hold on with one hand and never reach too
far to either side or rear to maintain balance.
• Never climb higher than second step from top on a
stepladder or third from the top on a straight
ladder.
• Never attempt to move, shift, or extend ladder
while in use.
54

THANK YOU !