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FHP drive

The document provides an overview of fractional horsepower motors, including Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM), Brushless DC Motors (BLDC), and Stepper Motors, detailing their types, features, applications, and operational characteristics. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each motor type, such as efficiency, maintenance, torque, and control mechanisms. Additionally, it discusses Switched-Reluctance Motors (SRM) and their drive circuits, emphasizing their operational flexibility and design requirements.

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Somyaa Sagar
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12 views

FHP drive

The document provides an overview of fractional horsepower motors, including Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM), Brushless DC Motors (BLDC), and Stepper Motors, detailing their types, features, applications, and operational characteristics. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each motor type, such as efficiency, maintenance, torque, and control mechanisms. Additionally, it discusses Switched-Reluctance Motors (SRM) and their drive circuits, emphasizing their operational flexibility and design requirements.

Uploaded by

Somyaa Sagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fractional Horse Power Motors

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): field- magnet


-no dc field, slip rings, brushes, and field winding losses
-Ferrite magnet, rare earth (Cobalt-Samarium, costly)
-Types- surface mounted, interior (buried)
-Surface mounted - projecting, inset
- less expensive and less robust at high speeds

-Interior- magnets are imbedded in the interior of rotor


Fractional Horse Power Motors
PM ac Motor:
Types: (based on nature of voltage induced in the stator)- PMSM and BLDC
- sinusoidally excited and trapezoidally excited
(distributed winding) (concentrated winding)
Brushless DC Motor
3-Phase Two-pole m/c

An inverter fed trapezoidal PMAC motor drive operating in self-controlled mode


is called as BLDC motor
Stator with rotor
position sensors
Brushless DC Motor
(air-gap flux is constant)
During each 600, power supplied to motor,

Torque,
Brushless DC Motor
Three-phase Low-cost Drive

Converter- three transistors and three diodes


-only +ve currents/voltage
The torque produced is half –slow dynamics-
larger torque ripple
Brushless DC Motor
Single-phase Low-cost Drive

Important Features and Applications:


No brushes and commutator – no maintenance, long life, high reliability,
low inertia and friction(faster acceleration, better dynamics, 100,000 rpm)
Armature winding in the stator- better cooling, improved efficiency

Demerit- High cost and low starting torque


Stepper Motor
Digital electro-mechanical device – each pulse input results in a movement of
shaft by discrete angle
-number of pulses decide the angle through which shaft rotates(position control)
-The rate at which pulses are supplied decide the speed (speed control)
- Motor is suitable for open loop position and speed control
- Control is simple (no need of position/speed sensor, and feedback loop)
-Applications: printers, tape/disk drives, X-Y recorders, robotics, textile industry

Types: Variable reluctance type


Permanent magnet type
Hybrid type
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Four-phase 4/2 Pole:
Excitation sequence- A-B-C-D for clock-wise rotation of 90 0
A-D-C-B-A for counter clock-wise rotation of 900
-Direction of current flow does not alter the direction of rotation
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Four-phase 8/6 Pole:

Excitation sequence- A-B-C-D-A for clock-wise rotation of 150


A-D-C-B-A for counter clock-wise

Detent or residual torque: The torque required to rotate the motor’s output
shaft with no current applied to the windings.
Salient features:
-High torque to inertia ratio- high rates of acceleration and fast response
- Don’t have detent torque
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
m-stack VRSM:
-smaller step angle ( 2- 150 )
-multi-stack (3-7)
-stator poles are aligned
-rotor poles are offset by 1/m of pole pitch
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Parameters:
1.Step angle- angular displacement of the rotor in response to each pulse

2. Limiting torque- maximum ( TL ) at which the motor follows the control pulses
without missing any step

3.Critical torque- maximum load torque ( TL ) at which the rotor does not move
when excited

4. Synchronous stepping rate- maximum rate at which the motor can step
without missing any step. Motor can stop or reverse at this rate

5. Slewing rate- maximum rate at which the motor can step uni-directionally. It
is much higher than the synchronous stepping rate; motor may not be able to
stop or reverse without missing any step
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Characteristics:
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Drive Circuits for Stepper Motor:
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Unipolar Drive Circuits:
Permanent Magnet Type Stepper Motor
Two-phase 4/2 Pole:

Cylindrical rotor with permanent magnet


Direction of rotation depends on the polarity of winding current
Salient features:
-low torque to inertia ratio- slow rates of acceleration and response
- high detent torque
-Suitable only for larger step size(30-90o ) due to difficulty in manufacturing
small PM with larger poles
Stepper Motor
Bipolar Drive Circuits for PM and HM:
Switched-Reluctance Motor Drives
Advantages- efficiency, power per unit weight and volume, robustness and
operational flexibility
- motor and its associated drive must be designed as an integrated package
- design must be optimized for a particular specification
- maximum overall efficiency with a specific load
- maximum speed range
- peak short-term torque or torque ripple
- Do not require dc field excitation/permanent magnet

Reluctance Motor(Doubly- Salient) - projecting poles in both stator and rotor


-similar to 1-φ induction motor except that some saliency is introduced in the
rotor by removing some rotor teeth

-Stator – coils on each pole


-Rotor- no winding/magnet – cheaper and robust
SRM Drives

-Power rating is much higher than stepper motors


-Stepper motors are designed for open-loop operation whereas SRMs are
designed for self-synchronous operation (rotor position sensing is vital)
SRM Drives

-1-2-3-4-1- Anti-clockwise rotation


-4-3-2-1-4- Clockwise rotation
-If a phase is excited after the rotor has crossed the minimum reluctance
position, torque opposes the motion –Regenerative braking
-Highly non-linear machine due to saturation in parts of magnetic circuit
- No simple equivalent circuit
SRM Drives

-Direction of rotation is independent of direction of current flow- unidirectional


- sequence of excitation decides the rotation direction
- regenerative braking is possible
- Due to saliency, L of winding is a function of rotor position
SRM Drives
Converter Circuits for SRM:
Three modes of operation

Merit: Current in each phase can be controlled independently

Demerit: Needs two switches per phase


SRM Drives
-Four quadrant operation with unidirectional current –required converter can be
simple, reliable and more efficient

-For identifying the periods for which phase winding should be excited for
operations in different quadrants , rotor position sensing is required

Modes of Operation: i) Low-speed, ii) High speed

Low –speed (Current control mode)

Time duration is large- I must be limited – chopper


- T is controlled by adjusting the amplitude of I
SRM Drives
High–speed (Angle control mode)
-Time durations of torque producing zones are small- enough time is not
available for current to develop- phase winding is connected to the source earlier
than the instant in which L starts to increase
- θ0 is significantly advanced so that I attains sufficiently large value before L
starts to increase from its minimum value
-Θ1 is also advanced in such a way that I becomes zero before L starts to
decrease from its maximum value
- Average torque is controlled by controlling the conduction angle (θc = θ2 - θ0)
SRM Drives
Torque-Speed Characteristics:
SRM Drives
Closed-loop speed control :
SRM Drives
Merits and Demerits:

Merits:
Rugged construction, low maintenance and cost of motor and converter, high
reliability, fast response, high efficiency

Demerits:
Torque ripple, need for rotor position sensing and high noise

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