Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

PHARM 151/155 LAB TUTORIALS

WEEK THREE LAB ACTIVITIES

FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ASSISTANCE CONTACT: 0508490046 (MOH…

Demonstrator in charge)
 OUTLINE

Preparation of Molar Solutions

Acid-Base Titrations: Standardization of solutions

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1
 PREPARATION OF MOLAR SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION TERMS
The concentration terms expressed in the pharmacopoeia include:
• Molarity (M)
• Molality (m)
• Normality (N)
• Parts per million (ppm)
• Volume strength
• Percent concentrations: %w/w, %w/v, %v/v

Students should find out definitions for the various concentration terms
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 PREPARATION OF MOLAR SOLUTIONS
Molarity refers to the amount of a substance in moles (n) present
in 1000mL /1L of solution
Amount of substance (n) ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M of Substance
Molarity (M) = But n = nM = m Since M α n, n α m, n = 1. (1)M = m

Therefore mass (m) = Molar mass (M)

mass of substance (g) ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M of substance

Theoretically, 1M NaOH solution is expressed as
40.0000g ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M NaOH …Equivalent standard

where Molar mass (M) of NaOH = 40 g/mol and Assay/purity = 100%

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 Equivalent calculations in the preparation of Molar solutions
Mass of substance (g) ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M of substance

Mass/weight Volume Concentration

NB:
• A CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION PORTION DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE MASS PORTION.
I.E DO WHATEVER YOU DO TO THE CONCENTRATION TO THE MASS

• A CHANGE IN THE VOLUME PORTION DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE MASS PORTION

• THE EXPRESSION TREATS THE COMPOUND/SUBSTANCE IN QUESTION AS 100% IN

TERMS OF PURITY/ASSAY. THE ACTUAL PURITY/ASSAY OF THE SUBSTANCE (ON THE
LABEL) SHOULD THEREFORE BE FACTORED IN CORRECTING THE MASS/WEIGHT OF
COMPOUND TO PICK FOR THE PREPARATION
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 Molar solutions from stock solutions (liquid compounds)
Prepare 500mL 0.1M Acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution. Assay = 99.7%
Mwt = 60.005g/mol S.G = 1.05g/mL Preparation
Equivalent calculations THE REQUIRED VOLUME OF 2.87 ML WAS
60.052g ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M CH3COOH TAKEN FROM THE STOCK ACETIC ACID
6.0052g ≡ 1000mL ≡ 0.1M CH3COOH SOLUTION WITH A MEASURING
CYLINDER/PIPETTE. THE MEASURED
3.0026g ≡ 500mL ≡ 0.1 M CH3COOH
VOLUME WAS THEN CAREFULLY
TRANSFERRED INTO A 500 ML VOLUMETRIC
Assay/purity of CH3COOH = 99.7% FLASK ALREADY CONTAINING REASONABLE
If 100% CH3COOH = 3.0026g of CH3COOH
AMOUNT OF DISTILLED WATER. THE
RESULTING CONTENT WAS THEN TOPPED UP
Then 99.7% CH3COOH = X 3.0026g = 3.0116g
TO THE MARK, WELL SHAKEN, STOPPERED
NB:
AND APPROPRIATELY LABELED.
But specific gravity (S.G) = 1.05g/ml. Converting 3.0638g Specific volume (S.V) =
to volume
Volume = Students should clearly state the
precautions observed (at least 2)
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 MOLAR SOLUTIONS FROM SOLID/POWDERED COMPOUNDS
PREPARE 8L ML 5M NAOH SOLUTION. ASSAY = 98 % Mwt = 40.0000g/mol
PREPARATION
EQUIVALENT CALCULATIONS
THE REQUIRED WEIGHT OF
40.0000g ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M NaOH 1632.6530G OF NAOH PELLETS WAS
200.0000g ≡ 1000mL ≡ 5M NaOH WEIGHED INTO A SMALL BEAKER
1600.0000g ≡ 8000mL ≡ 5M NaOH USING AN ANALYTICAL BALANCE. IT
WAS THEN DISSOLVED WITH
Assay/purity of NaOH = 98 % DISTILLED WATER IN A BEAKER, AND
QUANTITATIVELY TRANSFERRED
If 100% = 1600g of NaOH INTO A 8L VOLUMETRIC FLASK WITH
Then 98%= THE AID OF A FUNNEL. ENOUGH
×1600g = 1632.6530 g of NaOH DISTILLED WATER WAS ADDED TO
MAKE UP TO THE 8L MARK. THE
VOLUMETRIC FLASK WAS THEN
STOPPERED, WELL SHAKENwww.knust.edu.gh
AND
APPROPRIATELY LABELLED.
 EXERCISES
1 a). SHOW HOW YOU WOULD HAVE PREPARED THE 0.5M NAOH.
b). SHOW HOW YOU WOULD HAVE PREPARED 250ML OF 0.5M HCL
[MOLAR MASS OF NAOH=40.00G/MOL; MOLAR MASS OF HCL= 36.5 g/mol; % PURITY (NAOH)=;
%PURITY HCL= 36-38%; SPECIFIC VOLUME OF HCL= 0.5555mL/g]
2. SHOW HOW YOU WOULD PREPARE 5L OF A 0.350 M SOLUTION OF KOH FROM A REAGENT BOTTLE
ON WHICH THE LABEL SAYS PURITY: 94% AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF KOH :56 g/mol

3. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CONCENTRATION TERMS

a. MOLALITY
b. PERCENTAGE VOLUME IN VOLUME
c. PERCENTAGE WEIGHT IN WEIGHT
d. VOLUME STRENGTH
e. NORMALITY
4. SHOW HOW YOU WOULD PREPARE 500.0 mL OF A 0.10 M SOLUTION OF HCL FROM A HCL BOTTLE ON
WHICH THE LABEL SAYS PURITY : 35% AND SPECIFIC VOLUME : 0.5555mL/g, MOLAR MASS OF HCL= 36.5
g/mol
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 ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: STANDARDISATION OF SOLUTIONS
• STANDARDISATION IS AN ACID-BASE TITRATION PROCEDURE UNDERTAKEN TO
DETERMINE THE TRUE/ACTUAL CONCENTRATION OF A PREPARED SOLUTION BY
OBTAINING ITS FACTOR

Actual concentration = Expected/Nominal concentration X Factor (soln)

• THE FACTOR OF THE SOLUTION IS ALSO USED TO CORRECT ITS AVERAGE

VOLUME/TITRE WHEN USED IN ANOTHER ACID-BASE TITRATION/ANALYSIS

Actual Volume = Average titre X Factor (soln)

• IT EMPLOYS THE USE OF STANDARDS: PRIMARY OR SECONDARY STANDARDS

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PREPARED MOLAR SOLUTION BEING
STANDARDISED

PIPETTED VOLUME OF
PRIMARY/SECONDARY STANDARD

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• STANDARDISATION IS A TITRATION PROCESS USUALLY WITH THE SOLUTION
BEING STANDARDISED AS THE TITRANT (PLACED IN THE BURETTE) AND THE
STANDARD THE ANALYTE (PIPETTED INTO THE CONICAL FLASK)

• PRIMARY STANDARDS USED ARE OF ANALYTICAL GRADE THUS THE

INSCRIPTION “ANALAR” IS USED AS A PREFIX IN NAMING THEM. I.E ANALAR
ANHYDROUS SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) IS USED TO STANDADRDIZE HCl
SOLUTIONS

• PRIMARY STANDARDS ARE PREPARED TO MEET THE CONCENTRATION OF THE

SOLUTION BEING STANDARDISED

Concentration of primary standard ≡ Concentration of solution being standardized

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Conc (prim) X Factor (prim) X Volume (prim) ≡ Conc (soln) X Factor (soln) X Volume (soln)

Factor (soln) =

BUT Factor prim =

Concprim = Concentration of primary standard (Analyte)

Factorprim = Factor of primary standard
Volumeprim = Pipetted volume (volume pipetted into the conical flask per determination)
Concsoln = Concentration of solution being standardised (Titrant)
Factorsoln = Factor of solution/titrant being standardised
Volumesoln = Average titre of solution/titrant being standardised www.knust.edu.gh
 EQUIVALENT CALCULATIONS AND PREPARATION OF PRIMARY STANDARD

Mass of primary standard (g) ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M of solution being standardised

PROCEEDURE

• WRITE A BALANCED END POINT REACTION EQUATION BETWEEN THE

PRIMARY STANDARD (ANALYTE) AND THE TITRANT, AND CLEARLY STATE
THE MOLE RATIO ON THE NEXT LINE

• WRITE THE EQUIVALENT STANDARD AND CORRECT IT WITH THE MOLE

RATIOS

• CORRECT THE CONCENTRATION TO THAT OF THE TITRANT. THIS DIRECTLY

AFFECTS THE MASS/WEIGHT OF THE PRIMARY STANDARD
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• CORRECT THE VOLUME TO 100ML, UNLESS A VOLUME OF PRIMARY STANDARD TO
PREPARE OR PREPARED IS CLEARLY STATED. THE PIPETTE VOLUME ALSO PLAYS A ROLE
Reason:
The available pipette volumes are 20mL and 25mL. Three titrations/determinations will
require a total volume of 60mL and 75mL respectively. The closest volumetric flask to
these volumes is the 100mL volumetric flask

• CORRECT THE MASS/WEIGHT OF THE PRIMARY STANDARD BASED ON ITS STATED

PURITY/ASSAY

• QUANTITATIVELY TRANSFER THE ACTUAL WEIGHT OF PRIMARY STANDARD TAKEN INTO

A SMALL BEAKER, AND ADD REASONABLE AMOUNT OF DISTILLED WATER TO DISSOLVE
IT. TRANSFER THE RESULTING SOLUTION/CONTENT INTO A 100ML VOLUMETRIC FLASK
(OR THE DESIRED V. FLASK BASED ON THE VOLUME BEING PREPARED) HALF-FILLED
WITH WATER. TOP UP THE VOLUMETRIC FLASK TO THE MARK, SHAKE, STOPPER AND
APPROPRIATELY LABEL
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EXAMPLE: STANDARDIZATION OF HCl WITH ANALAR ANHYDROUS Na2CO3
IN THE STANDARDISATION OF 0.3M HCl SOLUTION WITH ANALAR SODIUM
CARBONATE(Na2CO3). THE FOLLOWING TITRATION RESULTS WERE OBTAINED

Burette reading (mL) 1ST 2ND 3RD

Final 20.20 40.20 20.10

Initial 0.00 20.20 0.00

Titre value 20.20 20.00 20.10

CALCULATE
1). THE FACTOR AND MOLARITY OF Na2CO3 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2). THE MOLARITY OF HCl
[ Actual weight of Na2CO3 = 1.5980g, Purity (Na2CO3) = 99.5%, Mwgt (Na2CO3) = 106g/mol,
Pipette volume = 25mL]
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Equivalent calculations FactorNa2CO3 =
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2 moles of HCl : 1 mole of Na2CO3 FactorNa2CO3 =
1 X 160.0000g of Na2CO3 ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M HCl X 2
160.0000g of Na2CO3 ≡ 1000mL ≡ 2M HCl
53.0000g of Na2CO3 ≡ 1000mL ≡ 1M HCl FactorHCl =
15.9000g of Na2CO3 ≡ 1000mL ≡ 0.3M HCl FactorHCl =
1.5000g of Na2CO3 ≡ 100mL ≡ 0.3M HCl

Assay/purity of Na2CO3 = 99.5 % MolarityNa2CO3 = Expected/Nominal conc X FactorNa2CO3

If 100% = 1.5000g of Na2CO3
MolarityNa2CO3 = 0.3M X 1.0000 = 0.3M
Then 99.5% = ×1.5000g = 1.5979 g of Na2CO3
MolarityHCl = Expected/Nominal conc X FactorHCl
Expected weight to be taken

MolarityHCl = 0.3M X 1.2438 = 0.37M

Average titre = = 20.10mL
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• SECONDARY STANDARDS ARE ALREADY STANDARDISED SOLUTIONS EMPLOYED TO
STANDARDISE OTHER SOLUTIONS IN A TITRATION PROCESS. I.E STANDARD NaOH
SOLUTION USED TO STANDARDISE AN HCl SOLUTION

Conc (sec) X Factor (sec) X Volume (sec) ≡ Conc (soln) X Factor (soln) X Volume (soln)
Factor (soln) =

Concsec = Concentration of secondary standard (Analyte)

Factorsec = Factor of secondary standard
Volumesec = Pipetted volume (volume pipetted into the conical flask per determination)
Concsoln = Concentration of solution being standardised (Titrant)
Factorsoln = Factor of solution/titrant being standardised
Volumesoln = Average titre of solution/titrant being standardised www.knust.edu.gh
 EXERCISE
KOFI STANDARDISED 5M HCl SOLUTION WITH ANALAR SODIUM CARBONATE(Na2CO3).
THE FOLLOWING TITRATION RESULTS WERE OBTAINED

Burette reading (mL) 1ST 2ND 3RD

Final 40.20 40.30 40.10

Initial 0.00 0.00 0.00

Titre value
CALCULATE
1). THE FACTOR AND MOLARITY OF Na2CO3 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2). THE MOLARITY OF HCl
[ Actual weight of Na2CO3 = 53.2660 g, Purity (Na2CO3) = 99.5%, Mwgt (Na2CO3) = 106g/mol,
Pipette volume = 50mL]
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 EXERCISE

1) DEFINE THE TERM “FACTOR”. WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR A FACTOR TO BE

GREATER THAN 1, OR APPROXIMATELY 1
2) STATE FIVE (5) PRIMARY STANDARDS AND WHAT THEY ARE USED TO
STANDARDISE
3) WHAT ADVANTAGE(S) DOES PRIMARY STANDARDS HAVE OVER
SECONDARY STANDARDS
4) STATE SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PRIMARY STANDARD
5) EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING: ASSAY, TO ASSAY
6) STATE 5 COLOUR INDICATORS EMPLOYED IN ACID-BASE TITRATIONS WITH
THEIR WORKING PH RANGES, AND EXPLAIN AND HOW THEY WORK
7) STATE THE VARIOUS VOLUMES OF VOLUMETRIC FLASKS THAT EXIST

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THANK YOU

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