Table of Contents

·Simple & Compound Interest

·The Constant, e

·Population Growth
 Simple & Compound
Interest

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 Interest

One important reason to invest your money is the opportunity to earn

interest; which means your bank pays you money for keeping it in one
of their accounts.

The money you earn depends on the percentage interest you are paid
per time period and how long your money is in the account.

There are a few different ways interest can be calculated

 Simple Interest
Simple interest is earned based on the initial investment amount
only. The formula used to calculate the amount of money in a simple
interest account is the principle amount (P) plus any interest earned
(I).
A=P+I

where I = Prt, r is the rate, and t is the time (in years), that the
money is in the account. Using substitution,

A = P + Prt

and the distributive property

A = P(1 + rt)
 Simple Interest
For example, let's say a bank pays 10% simple interest per year and
you invest a balance of $1,000.

What is the account balance at the end of the first year?

A = P(1 + rt)
A = 1000(1 + 0.10(1))
A = 1000(1.1)
A = $1,100

What is the account balance at the end of 5 years?

A = P(1 + rt)
A = 1000(1 + 0.10(5))
A = 1000(1.5)
A = $1,500
 Compound Interest

Compound interest can be thought of as "making interest on interest."

Every time the interest is calculated, the current account balance is
used to calculate the new interest. This means you are earning
slightly more each time period (assuming the other factors are
constant) compared to simple interest.
 Compound Interest
Recalling our previous example, if you are paid 10% simple interest
per year on your balance of $1,000, you would be paid $100 at the
end of one year so your balance at the end of one year is $1,100.

With compound interest, the following years you will earn interest not
only on your original $1,000, but also the interest you've earned in
prior years.

This is called the compounding effect of interest.

In the real world, it is better to be earning compounding interest than

to be paying it as it grows very fast. That's why saving and investing
early is so important.

At the same time, this is why it can be hard to get out of debt...when
you're on the wrong side of compounding interest.
 Compound Interest

Earning 10% compound interest, yield the table below. Notice, the
interest is calculated based on the previous year's ending balance.

Year Balance Interest

0 $1000 $100
1 $1100 $110
2 $1210 $121
3 $1331 $133.1
4 $1464.1 $146.41
5 $1610.51
 Compound Interest
Why does the amount of interest earned increase each year?

Instead of total interest of $500 (with simple interest), you earn

The questions on this slide address
$610.51. Why?
MP7

Math Practice
Year Balance Interest
Additional Questions to address MPs:
0 How are the interest
$1000 amounts related to
$100
each other? (MP7)
1 $1100 $110
2 $1210
How can you use$121
what you know to
3 describe why this$133.1
$1331 works? (MP7)

4 $1464.1 $146.41
5 $1610.51
 Compound Interest
Algebraically,

after two years, the amount you earn would be given by

A(2) =The question

A(1)(1 + r) on this slide addresses

Math Practice
MP8
but we can rewrite this expression to yield:
Additional Question to address MPs:
What
A(2) = P(1 generalization
+ r)(1 + r) can you make?
(MP8)
2
A(2) = P(1 + r)

What do you think your account balance will be after three years?
 Compound Interest

Therefore, in general, your account balance with compound interest

will be given by
t
A(t) = P(1 + r)

where

A(t) is the amount of money after t time periods

P is the principal, or initial investment

t is the number of time periods (usually years)

r is the interest rate per time period

 Compound Interest
Example: Calculate the total account balance after investing $750 at
5% interest compounded yearly for 8 years.
 Compound Interest
Example: Calculate the total account balance after investing $750 at
5% interest compounded yearly for 8 years.

8
A(8) = 750(1+0.05)
A(8) = $1,108.09
 57 What will be your bank balance if you put $3,000 in your
account and earn 2% simple annual interest for ten years?

A $600

B $2,400

Answer
C $3,600 C

D $3,656.98

E I need help

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 58 If you are earning 7% simple annual interest and your goal
is to have $3,000 in your account after six years, how
much will you have to initially deposit?

A $1,260

B $2,112.68

Answer
C $4,260 B

D $7,142.86

E I need help

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 59 Which equation describes your bank balance if $5,250
earns 4% annual interest, compounded annually for 9
years?

Answer
C B

E I need help

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 60 Your bank balance of $5,500 is compounded annually and
earns 4% annual interest. How much money will be in your
account after 12 years?

A $5,769.89

B $8,140

Answer
C $8,805.67 C

D $31,900

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
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 Compound Interest
With annual interest, you receive your interest at the end of the
time period, in this case a year.

But, it's also possible for interest to compound within the year.

For instance, your interest rate could be compounded quarterly.

In this case, the interest is paid four time each year.

The number of times per year that interest is compounded is called

n.

So, in this case, n = 4.

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 Quarterly Compounding
If n = 4, that means that we calculate and pay interest four times.

It also means that only 1/4 of a year will have passed between each
interest calculation.

So, we have to divide the annual interest rate by 4 to get the interest
rate for one calendar quarter: 10% divided by 4 = 2.5%

Then we calculate the interest 4 times.

4
A = (1,000)(1 + 0.025)
4
A = (1,000)(1.025)

The power of 4 reflects that the interest is calculated four times a

year, each time at the annual rate divided by 4.
 Quarterly Compounding
4
A = (1000)(1.025)
A = $1,103.81

So, even though the annual interest rate is the same, 10%,
you earn an extra $3.81 by quarterly compounding as compared to
annual interest.

You end the year with $1,103.81 rather than $1,100.00.

 Compounding
In general, the result of compounding more frequently is given by the
formula:

where

A is the total account balance

P is the principal, or starting balance

r is the annual interest rate

t is the number of years

n is the number of times per year that the interest is compounded

 Weekly Compounding
What if we compounded weekly?

What would the formula look like for that?

Discuss and write a formula for that case.

The questions on this slide address

Math Practice
MP2.
Additional
Then, determine your bank balance Questions
after one to address
year, starting with MPs:
$1,000 and compounding weekly How can
with youinterest.
10% represent the problem
with symbols & numbers? (MP2)
How would you describe the problem
in your own words? (MP2)
 Weekly Compounding
What if we compounded weekly?

What would the formula look like for that?

Discuss and write a formula for that case.

Then, determine your bank balance after one year, starting with
$1,000 and compounding weekly with 10% interest.

A = $1,105.06
 Weekly Compounding

When we compounded 4 times,

The example on$3.08
we gained next 3more than
slides if we
address
had used simple interest MP1, MP2 & MP4.

Additional Questions
$5.06 isto$1.98
address MPs:
Math Practice
Compounding 52 times earns a bit more: more than
What is the4problem
the $3.08 we earned by compounding times. asking? (MP1)
What do you already know about solving
Let's see what happens if we this problem?
keep (MP4)
increasing the amount of times
How could you start this problem? (MP1)
the value of the account is compounded.
How can you represent the problem with
symbols & numbers? (MP2)
Does your plan make sense? Why? or
Why not? (MP1)
What connections do you see between
the different time periods? (MP4)
 Compound Interest
Fill in this chart for compounding:

Daily (365.25 times)

Each second (31,557,600 times)

Interest Balance
Annual $100 $1,100
Quarterly $103.81 $1,103.81
Weekly $105.06 $1,105.06
Daily
Every second
 Compound Interest
Fill in this chart for compounding:
Daily (365.25 times)
Each second (31,557,600 times)
Interest Balance
Annual $100 $1,100
Quarterly $103.81 $1,103.81
Weekly $105.06 $1,105.06
Daily $105.16 $1,105.16
Every second $105.17 $1,105.17
365.25
Daily: A = ($1000) (1.00027378)
Every Second:
−9 31,557,600
A = ($1000)(1 + 3.1688×10 )
 Compound Interest
Let's look at this data from a slightly different perspective:

Compounding Extra Interest

Interest
Times Per Year Earned
1 $100.00
4 $103.81 $3.81
52 $105.06 $1.25
365.25 $105.16 $0.10
31,557,600 $105.17 $0.01

What do you notice about the amount of interest gained as the

amount of compounding increases?
 Compound Interest
The amount of interest earned is approaching $105.17 per year as
the amount of compounding gets very large.

Mathematicians wondered if there was a way to predict the limit as

the amount of compounding approached infinity (if compounding
was done continuously.) The next section will address this
intriguing question!
Compound Extra Interest
Interest
Times Per Year Earned
1 $100.00
4 $103.81 $3.81
52 $105.06 $1.25
365.25 $105.16 $0.10
31,557,600 $105.17 $0.01
 63 Which equation describes your bank balance if $1,000
earns 6% annual interest, compounded quarterly, for 7
years?

Answer
C
D
D

E I need help

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 64 Which equation describes your ending bank balance if
$500 earns 9% annual interest, compounded monthly, for
3 years?
A

Answer
B
D
C

E I need help

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 65 What will your bank balance be if you put $600 in your
account and earn 5% interest, compounded weekly, for
seven years?

A $844.26

B $850.82

Answer
C $851.30 C

D $852.42

E I need help

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v=UraMtk3b1hM
 66 What will be your bank balance if you put $1,800 in your
account and earn 4% interest, compounded daily, for six
years?

A $2,277.57
B $2,287.34

Answer
C $2,288.04 D
D $2,288.22
E I need help

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 67 If you are earning 7% interest, compounded daily, and
your goal is to have $3,000 in your account after six years,
how much will you have to initially deposit?

A $1,971.22
B $1,978.31

Answer
C $4,560.32 A
D $4,565.70

E I need help

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v=U1h2Od3U6Po
 68 If you are earning 10% interest, compounded weekly, and
your goal is to have $3,000 in your account after six years,
how much will you have to initially deposit?

A $1,646.57

B $1,647.39

Answer
C $1,658.63 B

D $5,465.91

E I need help

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 69 What interest rate is needed to double your money if it's
invested for 8 years compounded quarterly?

A 0.876%
B 4.36%

Answer
C 8.76% C
D 17.71%

E I need help

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 Recap:

Discuss:
What is the difference between simple and
compound interest?

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 The Constant, e

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 The Constant, e
Let's focus in on a portion of our formula:

The slide and the next 3 slides address

Math Practice
MP2
Specifically looking at just one&year;
MP8let t = 1:

Additional Questions to address MPs:

What generalizations can you make?
(MP8)
Now using the special case of r = 1:
What do you think the answer/result will
be? (MP2)

Does this approach a number as n gets very large?

 The Constant, e
Use your calculator to complete this table.

1
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
 The Constant, e

1 2
10 2.5937
100 2.7048
1000 2.7169
10,000 2.7181
100,000 2.7182
Infinity

Mathematicians proved that as n approaches infinity,

approaches the number they were to name "e."

 The Constant, e

1 2
10 2.5937
100 2.7048
1000 2.7169
10,000 2.7181
100,000 2.7182
Infinity 2.7182...
e is an irrational number. Its decimals go on forever and never
end, repeat or form a pattern.
Its first few digits are 2.7182.
 The Constant, e
Here are the first 1,000 digits of e, but e has been calculated to
millions of digits.
2.7182818284590452353602874713526624977572470936999595749669676277
24076630353547594571382178525166427427466391932003059921817413596
62904357290033429526059563073813232862794349076323382988075319525
101901157383418793070215408914993488416750924476146066808226480016
847741185374234544243710753907774499206955170276183860626133138458
300075204493382656029760673711320070932870912744374704723069697720
931014169283681902551510865746377211125238978442505695369677078544
99699679468644549059879316368892300987931277361782154249992295763
51482208269895193668033182528869398496465105820939239829488793320
362509443117301238197068416140397019837679320683282376464804295311
802328782509819455815301756717361332069811250996181881593041690351
59888851934580727386673858942287922849989208680582574927961048419
84443634632449684875602336248270419786232090021609902353043699418
49146314093431738143640546253152096183690888707016768396424378140
592714563549061303107208510383750510115747704171898610687396965521
2671546889570350354
 The Constant, e

Your calculator actually has a key for e since it has many uses!

e shows up in a wide range of problems in the areas of math, science,

business, economics, medicine, etc.

It was first used, but not identified specifically, by John Napier in about
1618. It was derived by Jacob Bernoulli and then used by Leibniz and
Huygens in the late 1600s. The designation of the letter e for this
number was made by Euler in the early 1700s.

It was first computed from solving the problem we've been

exploring...compound interest.

Since then, it has been computed many different ways.

 Continuous Compounding
The letter e allows us to simplify the continuous compounding of
interest (n going to infinity) by replacing this formula:

with this formula

where
A is the amount after t time periods

P is the principal, or starting amount

r is the growth rate per time period

t is the number of time periods

 Continuous Compounding
Let's check this by substituting into the formula for our example of
$1,000 earning 10% interest compounded continuously.

The account balance after one year of being compounded

continuously is $1,105.17.
 Continuous Compounding
We can now add a row for continuous compounding by using e in
our calculators.

Compound Extra Interest

Interest
Times Per Year Earned
1 $100.00
4 $103.81 $3.81
52 $105.06 $1.25
365.25 $105.16 $0.10
31,557,600 $105.17 $0.01
Continuous $105.17 < $0.01
 70 Which equation describes your bank balance if $1,000
earns 6% annual interest, compounded continuously, for 7
years?

Answer
C A

E I need help

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 71 Which equation describes your ending bank balance if
$500 earns 9% annual interest, compounded continuously
for 3 years?

Answer
B
D
C

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=j98w8tJKBdU
 72 What will your bank balance be if you put $600 in your
account and earn 5% annual interest, compounded
continuously, for seven years?

A $422.81
B $844.26

Answer
C $851.44 C

D $933,717.92
E I need help

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v=vd3QW5VLev8
 73 What will be your bank balance if you put $1,800 in your
account and earn 4% annual interest, compounded
continuously, for six years?

A $1,415.93
B $2,288.25

Answer
C $19,841.72 B

D $923,145.32
E I need help

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v=31jTuaMIzqg
 74 What will be your bank balance if you put $3,000 in your
account and earn 2% annual interest, compounded
continuously, for ten years?

A $2,456.19
B $3,060.60

Answer
C $3,664.21 C

D $22,167.17
E I need help

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v=JJPy2Bc0ams
 75 If you are earning 7% annual interest, compounded
continuously, and your goal is to have $3,000 in your
account after six years, how much will you have to initially
deposit?
A $1,971.14

Answer
B $2,876.61
A
C $2,928.68
D $4,565.88
E I need help

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 Population Growth

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 Population Growth

Sometimes, you will be asked questions that are related to the

interest formulas, but presented slightly different.

Here's an example: The question on this slide addresses

a rate of 3% per year. If its initial
A town's population is growing atMP2

Math Practice
population is 1.2 million people, what will its population be in 5
years? Additional Questions to address MPs:
How can you represent the problem
Which formula would we use forwiththis symbols
problem?& numbers? (MP2)

How would you describe the problem in

your own words? (MP2)
 Population Growth
A town's population is growing at a rate of 3% per year. If its initial
population is 1.2 million people, what will its population be in 5
years?

The familiar formula we can use to answer this question is

where

A is the population at some time, t

P is the initial population

r is the growth rate (written as a decimal)

t is the time in years after the initial population was measured

 Population Growth

A town's population is growing at a rate of 3% per year. If its initial

population is 1.2 million people, what will its population be in 5 years,
in millions?

Now, we can substitute our values into the equation and solve.
5
A(5) = 1.2(1 + 0.03)
5
A(5) = 1.2(1.03)
A(5) = 1.391

The town's population will be 1.391 million people.

Populations often grow based on this exponential model.
77 A town's population is growing at a rate of 4.5% per
year. If its initial population is 2.3 million people, what
will be its population in 3 years?

A 7.012 million people

B 2.331 million people

Answer
C 2.627 million people D
D 2.625 million people
E I need help

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78 A town's population is growing at a rate of 5.3% per
year. If its initial population is 1.4 million people, what
will be its population in 7 years?

A 27.477 million people

B 2.010 million people

Answer
C 2.067 million people B
D 1.453 million people
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=UQ0UMCZjxcM
79 A town's population is growing at a rate of 6.25% per
year. If its initial population is 2.15 million people, what
will be its population in 11 years?

A 4.188 million people

B 448.565 million people

Answer
C 2.303 million people A

D 4.870 million people

E I need help

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80 A town's population is growing at a rate of 7.75% per
year. If its initial population is 2.8 million people, what
will be its population in 13 years?

A 486.112 million people

B 3.096 million people

Answer
C 7.389 million people C
D 7.668 million people
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=3EtFc-
Imgtk
 Population Models
In other scenarios, you will be provided with an equation that
contains some of the information already provided, such as

where
A(t) is the population at some time, t

P is the initial population,

t is the time in years after the initial population was measured

1.5 can be translated into (1 + 0.5), which means that the

growth rate was 0.5, or 50%.

Let's use this model for the next questions.

https://njctl.org/video/?v=R_ciKn9gJog
 Example

The questions on this slide & the next

If the initial population is 4 million,
slidewhat will the
address MP1population
& MP2. be after
one year?

Math Practice
Additional Questions to address MPs:
What information are you given? (MP1)
What is this problem asking? (MP1)
How can you represent the problem with
symbols & numbers? (MP2)
How would you describe the problem in
your own words? (MP2)
 Example

If the initial population is 4 million, what will the population be after

six years?
 Example

The questions
If the initial population is 4 million, what will on
thethis slide & the
population next 4
be after
five months? slides address MP1, MP2, MP3 & MP6

Math Practice
You might think that you could Additional Questions
just recall that afterto address
one MPs:
year the
population is 6 million and it What information
started are
at 4 million, soyou given?
after half a(MP1)
year
it'd be What is this problem asking? (MP1)
How can you represent the problem with
symbols & numbers? (MP2)
4 million + (5/12) of 2 million = 4.83 million
What math language will help you prove
your answer? (MP3)
But, that would only be true for a linear model while this problem is
How do you know your answer is
exponential. So this is not correct.
accurate? (MP6)
What decimal place should we use for
Discuss possible solutions.
rounding? (MP6)
 Example

We convert the formula to provide monthly results by raising the rate

to the power of 12t, rather than t, so that when we put in the number
of years as t, it converts that to 12t months.

In order not to change the amount after one year, I have to take the
12th root of the rate, so that the equation is still true.
1/12 12t
A(t) = 4(1.5 )
1/12 12t t
NOTE: The properties of exponents shows that (1.5 ) = 1.5

12t
A(t) = 4(1.0344)
 Example
1/12 12t
A(t) = 4(1.5 )
12t
A(t) = 4(1.0344)

Substitute t = 5/12, since we are looking for only 5/12 of a year.

5 months:

5
A(5/12) = 4(1.0344)

A(5/12) = 4.74 million people

 Example

Instead of changing our exponential base to solve the problem, we

could also change the form of the exponent. In our original problem,
our function was

t
A(t) = 4(1.5)
where the value of t is measured in years. To convert and be able to
substitute months, we must divide t by 12.
 Example

Using our new equation representing t in months, we can substitute

and continue the calculation:

5/12
A(5) = 4(1.5)

A(5) = 4.74 million people

How are these methods similar? How are they different? Which
method do you prefer?
Discuss these questions in your groups.
 Example
t
A(t) = 4(1.5)

If the initial population is 4 million, what will the population be after

15 months?
 Example
t
A(t) = 4(1.5)

If the initial population is 4 million, what will the population be after

15 months?
t or
A(t) = P(1.5)
1/12 12t t
A(t) = 4(1.5 ) A(t) = P(1.5)
12t
A(t) = 4(1.0344)

15
A(15 months) = 4(1.0344)
A(15 months) = 6.64 million people
 81 Using the below model, calculate the population, in
millions, after one year if the initial population is 5.8
million.
t
A = P(1.8)
A 10.44 million

Answer
B 7.2 million
C A
18.792 million
D 5.8 million
E I need help

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82 Using the below model, calculate the population, in
millions, after five years, if the initial population is 5.8
million.
t
A = P(1.8)
A 52.2 million
B

Answer
75.583 million
C 60.887 million D

D 109.595 million
E I need help

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 83 Which equation would describe the monthly population
consistent with the given annual model?
t
A = P(1.8)

C Answer D

E I need help

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 84 Which equation would describe the quarterly population
consistent with the given annual model?
t
A = P(1.4)
A

Answer
C C

E I need help

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dg
 85 Using this annual model for population growth, calculate
the population, in millions, after three months?
t
A = 5.8(1.8)

A 33.826 million
B 6.718 million

Answer
C 7.055 million B

D 60.886 million
E I need help

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v=N9pDf4dzVhM
 86 Using this annual model for population growth, calculate
the population, in millions, after 16 months.
t
A = 8.2(1.8)
A 99.580 billion
B 12.743 million

Answer
C 17.955 million C

D 15.501 million
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=7S7JnnNduvM
 87 Using this annual model for population growth, calculate
the population, in millions, after 19 months.
t
A = 4.4(1.8)
A 11.159 million
B 9.174 million

Answer
C 11.719 million A

D 311.624 billion
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=mOez3eu_Lw4
 88 During a 1 year period, a population of tropical insects
t
grew according to the model P = P0(1.46) , where P is the
population, P0 is the initial population, and t is time in
years. Which equation can be used to model the
approximate weekly growth rate? (Assume 52 weeks in a
year.)
A P = P (1.0073)52t

Answer
0
B P = P0(1.0088)
52t A
C 52t
P = P0(1.0281)
D 52t
P = P0(1.0371)
E I need help

From PARCC Sample Test - Calculator

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=UaIQ8sumtAQ
 Half-Lives and Decay
Applications

Return to Table
http://njctl.org/video/?v=DPT0S7UPnW4
of Contents
 Nuclear Decay

There are nuclear reactions that occur which result in a nucleus

having fewer protons or neutrons. If the number of protons changes,
the result is a new element.

If only the number of neutrons changes, the element stays the same
but it becomes a new isotope of that element.

Spontaneous transformation (those that occur without outside

forces) result in a reduction in the number of protons and/or
neutrons...so it's called "nuclear decay."
 Nuclear Decay

It is impossible to predict if an individual nucleus will decay.

But, given a large number of nuclei, the percentage which will decay
in a fixed amount of time is predictable.

The time it takes for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay is called
the half-life of that isotope.

After each half-life, half of the nuclei have decayed.

 Nuclear Decay

Since this rate of decay is so predictable, it can be used to date how

long ago a substance was created.

This is done by measuring the ratio of the amount of the original

nuclei to the decayed nuclei.

From that, the number of half-lives which have occurred is

calculated.

Since half-lives are known and predictable, the age of the object can
be determined.
 Carbon Dating
When plants grow they take in Carbon from the atmosphere. That
Carbon decays from Carbon-14 to Nitrogen-14 over many years. By
looking at the ratio of those elements, how old the living material is
can be determined.

The half-life of that reaction is 5,730 years.

 Half Lives
Each half life results in a loss of half the original substance.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life
 Half Lives
The amount of remaining substance over time is shown here.
 Half Life Formula

where
A(t) is the amount left after n half-lives

A0 is the initial amount

n is the number of half lives

−n
This can be written as: A(t) = A0(2) , taking advantage of the

fact that.
 Half Life Formula
−n
A(t) = A0(2)

A can be an amount of mass, m, or the number of nuclei, N.

−n
m(t) = m0(2)

−n
N(t) = N0(2)
 Half Life Formula
From our previous formula, n was the number of half-lives which
have elapsed.

It can be calculated on its own using the formula

Make sure students note the
where
difference between the variable, t,

Teacher Note
t is the time elapsed and the Greek symbol, tau. They
appear very similar when written.
τ, tau, is the half-life of the material
Combining our formulas

−n
A(t) = A0(2) Using τ rather than τ1/2 for
legibility.

yields.
 Example
After 250 days, how many grams will remain of a 100 gram sample
if the τ for that substance is 75 days?

A(t) = 9.92 grams

 The SMART Response Question on the
Teachers: next 6 slides address MP4, MP5 &
MP6

Math Practice
Use the questions located in the pull tab for the next 6
Additional Questions to address MPs:
slides.
What connections do you see between
the powers of 2, or 1/2, and the half-
lives? (MP4)
Can you do this mentally? (MP5)
Will a calculator help? (MP5)
How do you know your answer is
accurate? (MP6)
What decimal place should we use for
rounding? (MP6)
 89 If 1/4 of the initial substance remains, how many half-lives
have elapsed?

A 1
B 2

Answer
C 3
B
D 4
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=CoMfCMSSC9Y
 90 If the half-life of that substance is 22 days, and only 1/4 of
it remains, how many days have elapsed?

A 11 days
B 22 days

Answer
C 44 days
C
D 88 days
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=h-
1p6hyPVWU
 91 If 1/16 of an initial substance remains, how many half-lives
have elapsed?

A 1
B 2

Answer
C 3
D
D 4

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=Yw_sDdbRIpE
 92 If the half-life of that substance is 80 days, and only 1/16
of it remains, how many days have elapsed?

A 80 days

Answer
B 160 days
C
C 320 days
D 640 days
E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=5yx5VOKfkQo
 93 If 12.5% of an initial amount of Carbon-14 remains, how
many years ago did the plant die? (τ, for Carbon-14 is
5730 years.)
A 5,730 years

B 11,460 years

Answer
C 17,190 years C

D 22,920 years

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=uJwTk3ZKy-
w
 94 A certain radioactive material has a half-life of 20 years. If
100 g were present to start, how much will remain in 7
years?

A 75 g

B 62.94 g

Answer
C 82.82 g D

D 78.46 g

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=U56Sw_rV-
M4
 Additional Applications

Sometimes, you will be asked questions that are related to the

interest formulas, but are slightly different.
The questions on this slide & the next 3
Here's an example:
slides address MP1 & MP2.

Math Practice
A new car depreciates in value at a rate of 8% per year. If you
purchase it for $31,000, how much is Questions
Additional to 10
it worth after years?
address MPs:
What information are you given? (MP1)
Which formula would we use for this
What problem?
is this problem asking? (MP1)
How can you represent the problem with
symbols & numbers? (MP2)
How would you describe the problem in
your own words? (MP2)

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=p17aqYt2gyI
 Additional Applications

A new car depreciates in value at a rate of 8% per year. If you

purchase it for $31,000, how much is it worth after 10 years?

The formula that we can use to answer this question is

t
A(t) = P(1 + r)

How will we write the rate?

 Additional Applications

A new car depreciates in value at a rate of 8% per year. If you

purchase it for $31,000, how much is it worth after 10 years?

Since the car's value is falling at a rate of 8%, it is given a

negative value, so our equation would become

t
A(t) = P(1 + (−r))

or

t
A(t) = P(1 − r)
 Additional Applications

A new car depreciates in value at a rate of 8% per year. If you

purchase it for $31,000, how much is it worth after 10 years?

t
A(t) = P(1 − r)

Now, we can calculate our answer

10
A(10) = 31,000(1 − 0.08)

10
A(10) = 31,000(0.92)

A(10) = $13,466.04

Therefore, the car will be worth $13,466.04 in 10 years.

 95 A new truck depreciates in value at a rate of 9% per year.
If you purchase one for $27,150, how much is it worth
after 5 years?

A $16,942.47

B $17,894.06

Answer
C $15,417.65 A

D $18,618.10

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=e32_ZxWdYbQ
96 A new SUV depreciates in value at a rate of 9.5% per
year. If you purchase one for $33,725, how much will it be
worth after 7 years?

A $18,109.21

B $16,768.41

Answer
C $16,544.67 B

D $17,867.58

E I need help

https://njctl.org/video/?v=cM6hofQrTlU
 97 A new sofa depreciates in value at a rate of 22% per year.
If you purchase one for $1,300, how much will it be worth
after 4 years?
A $779.60

B $616.92

Answer
C $375.33
D
D $481.20

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=GKOIP8RL6jU
 98 A new car depreciates in value at a rate of 8% per year. If
a 5 year old car is worth $20,000, how much was it
originally worth? 5
20,000 = P(1 − 0.08)
A $13,181.63 5
20,000 = P(0.92)

Answer
B $12,480.64

C $25,000
P ≈ $30,345.26
D $30,345.26 The original value of the car
was $30,345.26.
E I need help
D

http://njctl.org/video/?v=K8eS-
TiyVk4
 99 A new sofa depreciates in value at a rate of 22% per year.
If a 5-year-old sofa is worth $500, how much was it
originally worth?
A $1,731.80

B $947.45

Answer
C $263.87 A

D $144.36

E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?v=-
T1oYi_hitE
 100 A scientist places 7.35 grams of radioactive element in a dish. The
half-life of the element is 2 days. After d days, the number of grams
of the element remaining in the dish is given by the function

Which statements are true about the equation when it is rewritten

without a fractional exponent?
d
I.An approximately equivalent equation is R(d) = 7.35(0.250) .
d
II.An approximately equivalent equation is R(d) = 7.35(0.707) .

Answer
III.The base of the exponent in this form of the equation can be
interpreted to mean that the element decays by 0.250 grams B
per day.
IV.The base of the exponent in this form of the equation can be
interpreted to mean that the element decays by 0.707 grams
per day.
V.The base of the exponent in this form of the equation can be
interpreted to mean that about 25% of the element remains
from one day to the next day.
VI.The base of the exponent in this form of the equation can be
A I andto Vmean that about 70.7%
interpreted C II,ofIV
theand
element
VI remains
from one day to the next day.
B II and VI D I need help
From PARCC Sample Test - Calculator
http://njctl.org/video/?v=8cJwo7n_k9A
101 When approximating the age of an artifact that is less than 40,000
years old, the radioisotope carbon-14 can be used. Carbon-14 is
an element with the property that every 5,730 years the mass of the
element in a sample is reduced by half. The mass of the carbon- 14
in an artifact can be modeled by an exponential function, m of its
age, x.

Answer
Part A
Let A represent the original mass of carbon-14B
. Which function is
an appropriate model?
A D

B E I need help

http://njctl.org/video/?
From PARCC Sample Test - Calculator
v=8sgdwipn9bQ
102 When approximating the age of an artifact that is less than 40,000
years old, the radioisotope carbon-14 can be used. Carbon-14 is
an element with the property that every 5,730 years the mass of the
element in a sample is reduced by half. The mass of the carbon- 14
in an artifact can be modeled by an exponential function, m of its
age, x.

Part B

Answer
Based on the situation, which interval represents the domain of
the function m? D
A 0≤x<∞ D 0 ≤ x ≤ 40,000

B −∞ < x < ∞
E I need help
C 0 ≤ x ≤ 5,730

From PARCC Sample Test - Calculator

http://njctl.org/video/?
v=HBtPTv12wdA
103 When approximating the age of an artifact that is less than 40,000
years old, the radioisotope carbon-14 can be used. Carbon-14 is
an element with the property that every 5,730 years the mass of the
element in a sample is reduced by half. The mass of the carbon- 14
in an artifact can be modeled by an exponential function, m of its
age, x.

Part C

Answer
Which statements describe the graph of m in the coordinate plane?
I.The function m is a linear function. C
II.The function m is a nonlinear function.
III.The function m is an increasing function.
IV.The function m is a decreasing function.
V.The function m is a periodic function.
A I and III C II and IV
B II and III D I need help
From PARCC Sample Test - Calculator
http://njctl.org/video/?
v=Iopq1syiUyc