Department of textile

Engineering
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Advance Spinning
Techniques
Presented To:
Engr. Dr. Aamer

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Dry Jet Wet
Spinning
Presented By:
Hadia Nazir (2022-TXE-CD-01)
Ghanzanfar Abbas (2022-TXE-04)
Mohammad Hassan (2022-TXE-11)
Zohaib Asghar (2022-TXE-23) 3

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 Solution Spinning
• The polymer is dissolved into a solvent , then the filaments
are extruded and the solvent is then removed .There are
two types of solution spinning
• Dry spinning
• Wet spinning
• A variation of wet spinning is dry jet wet spinning.

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 Types of polymers
• Thermoplastic
• Thermostat
Thermoplastic polymer can be melted on heating ,whereas
another set of polymer are thermostat polymer which on
heating get harden and undergoes an irreversible change,
permanent change so these polymers cannot be melted.

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 Dry Spinning

The filament is solidified by removing the solvent, by

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 Preparation of dope

Dissolution at 100℃ Dope filtration and deareation n

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 Preparation of dope solution
• The polymer and the solvent are dissolved in a mixers at
100 degree Celsius or higher, so when we prepare the
dough some of the impurities like water remain in it , has
to be removed by filtration.
• Duration of deareation process is carried out which
removes any air bubbles or any unreacted monomers that
is presented in the dough. So it is ready for spinning.

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 Solvent Conditions
• It should be volatile
• Economical
• Readily dissolvable

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 Passage of dry spinning line
• Spinning dope is first fed into the chamber which is then
passes through the metering pump , this pump only pump
only allows the required amount of dough to pass through
it after filtration stage.
• It is then forged into the spinneret now, the filaments
extrude through the spinneret holes and then it enters
into the spinning tube
• Once the dough leaves the spin aerated bulges.
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Dry spinning

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Dry spinning
• Suitable for heat sensitive polymer.
• Suitable for producing fine yarn.
• Moderant concentration of polymer
• Disadvantages
• Slow process
• Toxic and risk of explosion

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Ghanzanfar
Abbas
2022-TXE-04

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 Wet spinning
• It is applied for polymer which do not melt & dissolve
only in a non-volatile (doesn’t vaporize) or thermally
unstable.
• Generally we use organic solvents like dimethyl
formaldehyde (DMF) , acetone and dimethyl amide (DMA)

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 Wet spinning
• In this case the polymer concentration is between 10 to
30% that is less compared to 15 to 45% in dry
spinning .This is because of wet spinning that is carried
out at lower temperature.
• The dope is fed and then the gas to remove any unreacted
monomers and filter to remove impurities and then it is
homogenized.

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 Process of Wet spinning
• The dope is usually prepared by dissolving the polymer in
a heated solvent.
• The dope solution is transferred to the spin block through
the transfer pipe.
• The feeding of solution is controlled by gear pump.
• The dope solution is filtered before extruding in the
coagulating bath.
• The solidified filament is transferred by means of suitable 16
devices
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 Advantages & Disadvantages of
wet spinning
Advantages
a. It can be used for any polymer.
b. Fiber can attain maximum strength.
c. The process can be continuous.
Disadvantages
a. The production rate is low
b. Post-spinning operations are lengthier
c. It is more costly.
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Mohammad
Hassan
2022-TXE-11

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 Dry Jet Wet Spinning
• A modification of wet spinning, where the spinneret is kept just outside the
surface of coagulation bath.
• In this case , the fibre is extruded into air/gaseous environment and then is
pulled inside a coagulation bath. Mostly the baths are deep to allow vertical
movement and coagulation of extruded fibre before it touches a guide roller.
• This gap between the spinneret and the coagulation bath surface, called air
gap, varies with the type of polymer and the technology being used.
• In acrylic spinning , this gap may be as small as a few millimeters.
• In lyocell spinning, it may be up to several centimeters

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 Dry jet wet spinning
• This small difference in arrangement of spinneret (i.e placing it outside
the coagulation bath) brings about significant difference performance
and ultimate structure of the fibre.
• Dry jet wet spinning combines the benefits of both dry and wet
spinning.
• However unlike dry spinning, the air gap in dry jet wet spinning is too
small to allow appreciable removal of solvent before the fibres enters
the coagulation bath.
• However, it is still sufficient to bring about changes on the surface of
the extruded filament.
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 Dry jet wet spinning
• This method is often required for high performances fibres
with a liquid crystal structure.
• Due their structural properties their melt temperature is
either the same as, or dangerously close to their
decomposition temperature.
• Therefore they must be dissolved in an appropriate
solvent and extruded in this manner.

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 Benefits of dry jet wet
spinning
(a) High speed of spinning
(b) Concentration of dope
(c) High degrees of jet-stretch ratios
(d) Control of coagulation kinetics by monitoring coagulation bath
parameters.
Among these benefits, (a) to (c) are derived because of the use of dry-jet
and the air gap,
while (d) is derived from the use of wet coagulation.

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 Method of dry jet wet
spinning
• A variant of wet spinning is dry jet wet spinning where the
solution is extruded into air and drawn and then
submerged into liquid bath.
• This method is used in lyocell spinning of dissolved
cellulose
• In this method the polymer is dissolved in appropriate
solvent to make the fibre solution, this solution is then
extruded under heat and pressure into an air gap before it
enters a coagulation bath. 24
 Method of dry jet wet
spinning
• The produced fibres is then washed and dried before it is
heat treated and drawn.
• This is an alternative method to wet spinning and is
required as spinning directive into the bath for some
fibres create micro void that negatively affect the fibre
properties this is due to solvent being drawn out of the
liquid too quickly.
• An inert atmosphere may be required to prevent oxidation
in some polymer if so fibres are extruded into the nitrogen25
atmosphere.
26
Zohaib Asghar
2022-TXE-23

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 Mechanical Properties
• High tensile strength: fibres can withstand large forces
without breaking
• High Modulus: high stiffness means fibres resist
stretching and deformation under load.
• Excellent Dimensional Stability: fibres maintain shape
and size even under mechanical and thermal stresses
• Benefit: ideal for load bearing and structural
applications, including aerospace and industrial uses.
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 Advantages of dry jet wet
spinning
• Superior to wet or dry spinning alone: combines the
strength of both techniques, stretching in air +
solidification in liquid.
• Better Control of fibre Morphology: fine tunes
diameter and surface smoothness
• Suitable for thermally sensitive materials: no need for
high temperature melting, protecting sensitive polymers
like Polyacrylonitrile and aramids
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 Limitations and challenges
 Requires Precise Control:
o Air gap length, take-up speed, and bath conditions must be carefully managed.
 Sensitive to Environmental Conditions:
o Temperature, humidity, and air flow can affect fiber quality during air gap stretching.
 Complex Solvent Recovery:
o Solvents like DMSO or DMF must be captured and recycled, increasing operational complexity.
 Not Suitable for All Polymers:
o Some polymers cannot be properly spun due to their solvent compatibility or mechanical properties.
o Nylon fibre we use solvent hexamethyldiamine etc.

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 Comparison with other
techniques
Feature
Dry Spinning Wet spinning Dry jet wet
spinning
Orientation low low high

Solvent Removal
Evaporation Diffusion Diffusion

Fiber Strength
Moderate Moderate High

Suitable Materials
Soluble in volatile Insoluble polmers High performance
solvents polymers

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 Applications
 Carbon Fiber Manufacturing (PAN):
o PAN-based fibers produced by dry jet wet spinning are precursors for ultra-strong carbon fibers
used in aerospace and automotive industries.
 Aerospace & Defense Materials:
o High-strength fibers for ballistic protection, aircraft components, and lightweight armor.
 Medical Devices:
o Used for surgical sutures, vascular grafts, and biomedical scaffolds requiring precision and
strength.
 High-Strength Industrial Textiles:
o Fire-resistant clothing, high-performance ropes, belts, and reinforcement fabrics.
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 Conclusions
•Dry Jet Wet Spinning is a hybrid technique that effectively combines the advantages of both dry spinning and wet spinning. It allows for
precise control over fiber structure, orientation, and mechanical properties, making it ideal for producing high-performance synthetic fibers
such as Kevlar, Twaron, and spandex.
•As technology advances, this method continues to evolve, playing a significant role in the development of nanofibers and smart textiles
with embedded functionalities like conductivity, responsiveness, and sensing. Researchers are exploring ways to fine-tune process parameters
to produce fibers at even smaller scales with enhanced uniformity and functionality.
•Looking ahead, Dry Jet Wet Spinning holds great promise for next-generation biomedical applications, including tissue engineering
scaffolds, drug delivery fibers, and biodegradable sutures. It is also expected to support cutting-edge innovations in defense through the
production of lightweight, high-strength fibers for body armor and protective fabrics.
•In conclusion, Dry Jet Wet Spinning is not only a mature and versatile technology but also a forward-looking platform for material
innovation across multiple industries.
 Toray and Teijin (carbon fiber production)
 DuPont (Kevlar & aramid fiber spinning)
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 References
• https://www.slideshare.net/AbhishekGupta1312/dry-jet-
wet-djw-textile-spinning-technique
• https://youtube.com/shorts/i2NEtzTJqK4?
si=q1KIwmkwXHWXN6Ye
• [1]Van de Kerkhof, R. Innovative by Nature - Time to
Act!; Lenzing AG 2018, 1– 26.There is no corresponding
record for this reference

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