&.:::.I .... ....'-• .._ ..

- 1 -

Overview
• Universal short-range wireless capability
• Uses 2.4-GHz band
• Available globally for unlicensed users
• Devices within 10 m can share up to 720
kbps of capacity(depending on technology)
• Supports open-ended list of applications
• Data, audio, graphics, video
 &.:.!!:.I ......

Bluetooth Application Areas

• Data and voice access points
• Real-time voice and data transmissions
• Cable replacement
• Eliminates need for numerous cable
attachments for connection
• Ad hoc networking
• Device with Bluetooth radio can establish
connection with another when in range
 Protocol Architecture
• Bluetooth is a layered protocol architecture
• Core protoco ls
• Cable replacement and telephony control protocols
• Adopted protocols
• Core protocols
• Radio
• Baseband
• Link manager protoco l (LMP)
• Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)
• Service discovery protocol (SDP)
 Protocol Architecture
• Cable replacement protocol
• RFCOMM
• Telephony control protocol
• Telephony control specification - binary (TCS BIN)
• Adopted protocols
• PPP
• TCP/UDP/IP
• OBEX
• WAE/WAP
 Usage Models
• File transfer
• Internet bridge
• LAN access
• Synchronization
• Three-in-one phone
• Headset
• Technology on following slides
 .. l \ .'.

-
C4
12C_DATA
l>C_OU< ,. C6
""'-
""
TlCD
"'
.
.......,.
RlC CZ
RTS
D
rn
UAAT Ae(;JJlllllo
n "
'"
"""
PCM_.
.
. PCM
'
!><TA

CTRL GNO
GNO
GND
GNO

PCM_OUT
" ..•GNO
NC

--
PCM..SYNC NC
P<:M_ T4 NC
OU<
" .•..
To RA

, NC
..
T
NC
NC
4 NC
Fl.ASH NC
. ""'
T2 NC

-
NC
cs
PBA 3 13 0 112

... . RESET;i
 Piconets and Scattemets
• Piconet
• Basic unit of Bluetooth networki ng
• Master and one to seven slave devices
• Master determines channel and phase
• Scatternet
• Device in one piconet may exist as master or slave ir
another piconet
• Allows many devices to share same area
• Makes efficient use of bandwidth
Wireless Networl( Configut'
---
c ·.
Mn -_ ::
--- .:-
-
-
.
' ,
,'
,---
', .
-
' . .. I ....
'
\
r
....
'

. .'••
I
'
I
' •
Il
•
\
'
' ' •_ : '
- ,.JJll'' - . .... - -
( \ I \
''
: ' .... .....

r:·:·
• I • I

-
.
I ,,,.

-- - '
- I

.---
( n ) C it"l lu hu • s y t r r n tsc1ur1r e t ,.._.pr-.. ·n1 _ ',
,
:!> U U tH t Q r,) b a s e SU t t i o n S:)

.,.
_,

.-
, . - - - ./ ' I

,..
I
, I., ' ' ' '
1 ,',. ',
I \

- -..
II '
I
' ' ' ...,,, .,,I' , ,

I ,_ -
I
I -
\ \
I
.fI I \ \
'
I
.... - - - - -
I
'""
' -. - - - - - --, <
J't
I
,
1
- (c
I > Sc
f u• tt l ' r n t ' t s

F i e u r e 1 5.S W i r e les s N e t w o r k C o n f i e u r a t i o n s
 Radio Specification
• Classes of transmitters
• Class 1: Outputs 100 mW for maximum
range
• Power control mandatory
• Provides greatest distance
• Class 2: Outputs 2.4 mW at maximum
• Power control optional
• Class 3: Nominal output is 1 mW
• Lowest power
 - - . ,-

Frequency Hopping in
Bluetooth
• Provides resistance to interference and
multipath effects
• Provides a form of multiple access among
co-located devices in different piconets
 Frequency Hopping
• Total bandwidth divided into l MHz physical
channels
• FH occurs by jumping from one channel to
another in pseudorandom sequence
• Hopping sequence shared with all devices on
piconet
• Piconet access:
• Bluetooth devices use time division duplex (TDD)
• Access technique is TOMA
• FH-TDD-TDMA
 ,

Frequency Hopping

ft.k ft.k + I ) ft.k +

- -
) 2)
mast er
.. I

l l l
...I I
s l:ive
1 .. I
I
625 ...
1
JIS

Figu re 15.6 Freq uency-Ho1> Time-Division

Du plex
Physical Links between Mast©r

,,
• Synchronous connection oriented (SCO)
• Al locates fixed and Slave
bandwidth between point-to-point
connection of master and slave
• Master rnaintains link using reserved slots
• Master can support three simultaneous links
• Asynchronous connectionless (ACL)
• Point-to-multipoint link between master and all slaves
• Only single ACL link can exist
 &.:.::.I ........_ .. -

Bluetooth Packet Fields

•Access code - used for timing
synchronization, offset compensation, paging,
and inquiry
•Header -used to identify packet type and
carry protocol control information
•Payload -contains user voice or data and
payload header, if present
 Bluetooth Packet Fields
• Access code - used for timing
synchronization , offset compensation,
paging, and inquiry
• Header -used to identify packet type and
carry protocol control information
• Payload -contains user voice or data and
payload header, if present
Types of Access Codes
-
• Channel access code (CAC) -identifies a
piconet
• Device access code (DAC) -used for paging
and subsequent responses
• Inquiry access code (IAC) - used for
. .
1nqu1ry
purposes
 &.:::.I - . . .. .. .

Access Code
• Preamble - used for DC compensation
• 0101 i f LSB of sync word is 0
• 1010 if LSB of synch word is 1
• Sync word - 64-bits, derived from:
• 7-bit Barker sequence
• Lower address part (LAP)
• Pseudonoise (PN) sequence
• Trailer
• 0101 i f MS B of sync word is 1
• 1010 if MSB of sync word is 0
 Packet Header Fields
• AM ADDR - contains "active mode" address of
one of the slaves
• Type - identifies type of packet
• Flow - I-bit flow control
• ARQN - I-bit acknowledgment
• SEQN - I-bit sequential numbering schemes
• Header error control (HEC) - 8-bit error detection
code
 -
Payload Format
• Payload header
• L_CH field - identifies logical channel
• Flow field - used to control flow at L2CAP
level
• Length field - number of bytes of data
• Payload body - contains user data
• CRC - 16-bit CRC code
 -
Error Correction Schemes
• 1/3 rate FEC (forward error correction)
• Used on 18-bit packet header, voice field in
HV l packet
• 213 rate FEC
• Used in DM packets, data fields of DV packet,
FHS packet and HV2 packet
• ARQ
• Used with DM and DH packets
 ARQ Scheme Elements
• Error detection -destination detects errors, discards
packets
• Positive acknowledgment - destination returns
positive acknowledgment
• Retransmission after timeout - source retransmits
ifpacket unacknowledged
• Negative acknowledgment and
retransmission - destination returns negative
acknowledgement for packets with errors,
source retran smits
 Logical Channels
-
• Link control (LC)
• Link manager (LM)
• User asynchronous
(UA)
• User isochronous (UI)
• Use synchronous (US)
 Channel Control
• States of operation of a piconet during link
establishment and maintenance
• Major states
• Standby - default state
• Connection - device connected
 ......... - -- - ,-

Channel Control
• Interim substates for adding new slaves
• Page - device issued a page (used by master: page a slave
for its identity.)
• Page scan - device is listening for a page
• Master response -master receives a page response from
slave
• Slave response - slave responds to a page from master
• Inquiry - device has issued an inquiry for identity of
devices within range
• Inquiry scan -device is listening for an inquiry
• Inquiry response - device receives an inquiry response
ti on
 - -- ,

Inquiry Procedure
• Potential master identifies devices in range that
wish to participate
• Transmits ID packet with inquiry access code (IAC)
• Occurs in Inquiry state
• Device receives inquiry
• Enter Inquiry Response state
• Returns FHS packet with address and timing
information
• Moves to page scan state
 Page Procedure
• Master uses devices address to calculate a
page frequency-hopping sequence
• Master pages with ID packet and device
access code (DAC) of specific slave
• Slave responds with DAC ID packet
• Master responds with its FHS packet
• Slave confirms receipt with DAC ID
• Slaves moves to Connection state
 Slave Connection State Modes
• Active - participates in piconet
• Listens, transmits and receives packets
• Sniff - only listens on specified slots
• Hold - does not support ACL packets
• Reduced power status
• May still participate in SCO exch anges
• Park - does not participate on piconet
• Still retained as part of piconet
 Bluetooth Audio
• Voice encoding schemes:
• Pulse code modulation (PCM)
• Continuou sly variable slope delta (CVSD)
modulation
• Choice of scheme made by link manager
• Negotiates most appropriate scheme for
application
 Bluetooth Link Security
• Elements:
• Authentication - veri fy claimed
identity
• Encryption - privacy
• Key management and usage
• Security algorithm param eters:
• Unit address
• Secret authentication key
• Secret privacy key
• Random number
 a.:.:.:.I ... .....

LMP PDUs

• General response
• Security Service
• Authentication
• Pairing
• Ch ange link key
• Ch ange current link
key
• Encryption
 LMP PDUs

• Time/synchronization
• Clock offset requ est
• Slot offset information
• Timing accuracy information request
• Station capability
• LMP version
• Supported features
 1.:.!!J · l\.

LMP PDUs
• Mode control
• Switch master/slave
role
• Name request
• Detach
• Hold mode
• Sniff mode
• Park mode
• Power control
 L2CA
• P a link-layer protocol between entities with a
Provides
number of services
• Relies on lower layer for flow and error control
• Makes use of ACL links, does not support SCO links
• Provides two alternative services to upper-layer protocols
• Connection service
• Connection-mode service
L2CAP Logical Channels
• Connectionless
• Supports connectionless service
• Each channel is unidirectional
• Used from master to multiple slaves
• Connection-oriented
• Supports connection-oriented service
• Each channel is bidirectional
• Signaling
• Provides for exchange of signali ng messages between
L2CAP entities
L2CAP Packet Fields for Connectionless
ltllt:Playe
Service r

• Length - length of information payload, PSM fields

• Channel ID - 2, indicating connectionless channel
• Protocol/service multiplexer (PSM) - identifies higher-
layer recipient for payload
• Not included in connection-oriented packets
• Information payload - higher-layer user data
 _ .._ ..._._ ...
- ,-
Signaling Packet Payload
• Consists of one or more L2CAP commands,
each with four fields
• Code -identifies type of command
• Identifier - used to match request with reply
• Length - length of data field for this command
• Data -additional data for command, if necessary
 Signaling Packet Payload
• Consists of one or more L2CAP commands,
each with four fields
• Code -identifies type of command
• Identifier - used to match request with reply
• Length - length of data field for this command
• Data -additional data for command, if necessary
L2CAP Signaling Commamtl-
l1LicP1aye1
Codes
Code Descript ion Parameters
OxOI Command n:jec1 Reason
Ox02 Connl'Clion requeI l'SM. ourcc CID
Ox03 Conm'.Ction rcponsc l)cqin:uion CID.Soun:c CID.
Result.S1:11us
0>.04 Configu re rcq uc,1 Dc,1ina1ion CID. Flag,.Opt ion,
()>.05 Configu re rcron-c Soun:.:CID. Flag,. Rc,ult. Option,
Ox06 Di,conn-'.Ction requc'I l:>c,1ina1ion CID.S1,un:c CID
0\07 l)j,conncc1ion rc,pon..c l)c,tinmion CID. Sl)Uf\:C CID
0\08 F.chl'n.-c;1u..:'1 D:ua (optional)
0>.09 I:Cho n;,pon-c Darn (optional)
OxOA lnfon11a1ion rcquc'I lnfoTypc
OxOO lnfonna1ion rcoon lnfoTYDC.R1....,ull.Data (ootion;1I)
 L2CAP Signaling Commands
• Command reject command
• Sent to reject any cormnand
• Connection commands
• Used to establish new connections
• Configure commands
• Used to establish a logical link tran smission
contract between two L2CAP entities
 &.:.:.:.I - .._ ..... - ... - ·
-

L2CAP Signaling Commands

•Disconnection commands
• Used to terminate logical channel
•Echo commands
• Used to solicit response from remote L2CAP
entity
•Information co1mnands
• Used to solicit implementation-specific
information from remote L2CAP entity
 L:!!J
............ ..

Flow Specification
Parameters
• Service type
• Token rate (bytes/second)
• Token bucket size (bytes)
• Peak bandwidth (bytes/second)
• Latency (microseconds)
• Delay variation (microseconds)
 - - -
-
Flow Specification
Parameters
• Service type
• Token rate (bytes/second)
• Token bucket size (bytes)
• Peak bandwidth (bytes/second)
• Latency (microseconds)
• Delay variation (microseconds)
The Future of
Bluetooth
• The version of Bluetooth after Lisbon, code-na1ned Seattle,
has many of the same features, but is most notable for
plans to adopt Ultra-wideband radio technology.
• This will allow Bluetooth use over UWB radio, enabling very
fast data transfers, synchronizations and file pushes, while
building on the very low power idle modes of Bluetooth.
• Given its worldwide regulatory approval, low power
operation, and robust data transmission capabilities, provides
an excellent signalling channel to enable the soft radio
concept