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The document discusses the significance of geometric properties of sections in structural analysis, emphasizing their role alongside material properties in determining strength and stability. Key concepts include the moment of inertia, polar moment of inertia, radius of gyration, and products of inertia, along with methods for calculating and analyzing these properties. Additionally, it introduces Mohr's Circle as a graphical tool for understanding principal moments of inertia and their orientations.

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Liness Priscah
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14 views26 pages

Flow in Open Channels

The document discusses the significance of geometric properties of sections in structural analysis, emphasizing their role alongside material properties in determining strength and stability. Key concepts include the moment of inertia, polar moment of inertia, radius of gyration, and products of inertia, along with methods for calculating and analyzing these properties. Additionally, it introduces Mohr's Circle as a graphical tool for understanding principal moments of inertia and their orientations.

Uploaded by

Liness Priscah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometrical Properties of

sections

A GROUP 9 PRESENTATION 10 APRIL, 2025


The Importance of Geometric Properties of Sections

 Material properties are often the focus in analyzing structural behavior—but they are
not the whole story.

 Geometric properties of sections play a crucial role in determining how forces are
distributed and managed.

 These properties, including area, centroid, and moment of inertia, influence


strength, stability, and efficiency in design.

 Understanding geometry complements material properties to ensure optimal


performance and safety.
Geometrical properties of
sections
1. Axes of symmetry
2. Centre of gravity of built-up plane figures
3. Centre of gravity of built-up standard steel sections
4. Moment of inertia of standard and built-up sections
5. Polar moment of inertia
6. Radius of gyration
7. Product of inertia
8. Principal moment and principal axes of inertia
9. Mohr's circle for moment of inertia
Geometrical properties of
sections
Center of gravity of built-up
plane
 finding the center of gravity involves finding the weight of each individual parts

 for built-up plane figures ,this is the point where the sum of the moments of the
areas around those axis is Zero.
Moment of inertia of
standard and built-up
sections
The moment of inertia(MoI) :measures an object’s resistance to bending or rotation about an axis
when subjected to a load.
often denoted as I

it depends on:


•The shape of the cross-section
•The axis about which you're measuring it
•The distribution of the area relative to that axis

It is a mathematical property of a section concerned with a surface area and how that area is
distributed about the reference axis such as X-X or Y-Y
Moment of Inertia of Standard
Sections
These are sections like rectangles, circles, I-beams, etc., whose formulas are already known
MoI OF BUILT UP SECTIONS
The Polar Moment of Inertia(J)
The Polar Moment of Inertia (denoted as J) is a measure of an object's ability to resist twisting
or torsional deformation about its center (polar) axis —
usually the z-axis perpendicular to the cross-section.

It’s used when analyzing:


Circular shafts
Rotating parts
Torque effects
Polar moment of inertia(J)
Denoted as J, measures an object’s resistance to torsion(twisting) about an axis perpendicular to
its cross-sectional area.
Radius of gyration
Radius of gyration of a plane area is defined as the square root of the
moment of inertia divided by the area itself; thus
Rx = Ry =
Rx = radius of gyration with respect to the x-axis
Ry = radius of gyration with respect to the y-axis

IXY =
THE PRODUCTS OF INERTIA
It is defined as the product of the two coordinates of the element multiplied by the area of the
element
From this definition, each differential element of area dA is multiplied by the product of its
coordinates.
Products of inertia may be positive , negative or zero depending on position.
the product of inertia of an area is zero with respect to any pair of axes in which at least one axis
is an axis of symmetry of the area.
The product of inertia is given by
Parallel axis theorem for products
of inertia

IXY= 2 ) ( y + d1) dA
=

The first integral in the last expression is the product of inertia Ixcyc with respect to the centroidal axes;
the second and third integrals equal zero because they are the first moments of the area with respect to
the centroidal axes; and the last integral is the area A.

 Therefore, the proceeding equation reduces to:

IXY = IXCYYC + Ad1d2


IXY = IXCYYC + Ad1d2
This equation represents the parallel-axis theorem for products of inertia:
The product of inertia of an area with respect to any pair of axes in its plane is equal to the
product of inertia with respect to parallel centroidal axes plus the product of the area and the
coordinates of the centroid with respect to the pair of axes
Sum of second moments is constant, the minimum second moment must correspond to an axis
at right angle with the axis having the maximum second moment.
Since the moment of inertia is
Example 1
The partial derivatives of

with respect to ὰ equal to zero is


Example 2
This information gives us angle a which correspond to an extreme value of
There are two possible value of 2a that will satisfy the above equation
Let us now substitute the angle a in equation of
MOHR’S CIRCLE
Graphical representation used to analyze the principal moments of inertia and the orientation of
the principal axes for a given cross-sectional area.
IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN MOHR’S CIRCLE
1. THE AVERAGE MOMENT OF INERTIA
 Given the moments of inertia about the x-axis and the y-axis, the average moment of inertia, I avg is given by;

2. THE RADIUS OF MOHR’S CIRCLE


 The radius R of the Mohr’s circle is given by;
3. ORIENTATION OF THE PRINCIPAL AXES
 The angle 2θ is the angle between the current axes and the principal axes. It is given by ;
STEPS TO CONSTRUCT MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR MOMENTS OF
INERTIA

a. Draw a horizontal axis representing the moment of inertia


b. Draw a vertical axis representing the product of inertia
c. Plot the point (Ixx , Ixy) and (Iyy , -Ixy)
d. The center of the circle is at (Iavg , 0)
e. The radius of the circle is R
STEPS TO CONSTRUCT MOHR’S
CIRCLE FOR MOMENTS OF INERTIA
DETERMINING THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
The principal moments of inertia are points where the circle intersects the horizontal axis
Group members
Khaiko Chalemba che-012-22
Zeless Banda che-002-22
Chancy Mkwapatira mme-017-22
Abel Katsala bme-018-21
Bernard Mustapher bme-011-22
Henry Mwangonde bme-021-22

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