Narayanshree homeopathic medical college

and hospital

Department of community of medicine

Guided by –
Dr shoeba Hod Saleha baig
Dr bhumika Bhms 4 proff
introduction
Air is essential for I fe it self
without it
we could survive only a few
minutes.
It constitutes immediate
physical

The atmosphere is layered in

İO four d stinct which ü e
TropOS the e stratosphere
Normal components of our
atmosphere

is en th 0.07Ÿ
iiig
Cont.
may be defined as any atmospher c
condition in which cerlain substances
are present in such concentrations that
they can produce undesirable effects on
ma a Id his environme
t.
•Any visible Or inViSible particle Or
gas ÏOund in the air that is not part
of the original normal COmposition.
What IS air
.
Pollution?
Air pollutants may be either emitted into
the a tit Osohe e Of to red with in
atmosphe
re
Prim ai pollutant
r
ary s: as factory chimmey or
Sources such
exhau pip
st e.
Secondary air
pollutants:
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
Moto vehicles Of
pollution
are a throu§hou I the urbanair
areas.

I u oi q uunIlglvI ce toii oí
heye
h yö oce rbOns a wcî oxicl es of ni
roden ay be coi ve ted ii he a
mosphe e ii o "photoclse mica "
DOì ì eta nts Of Ox›d z i g
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
In addition diesel engines when
misused or badly adjusted are capable
of en itt i g bla ck smOke e nd
maodorou {ume
s s
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
Combustion of fuel to generate heat and
power produces smoke sulphur dioxide
nit ogen oxides ai d fly us .
PetrOchemical industries generate
hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid and
o game had ‹des.
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
Many industries discharge carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide ozone,
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur
dioxide.discharge their wastes from
Industries
high shimneys at high temperature and
hig speed.
h
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
Domestic combust on of cOaI, wood or
oil s a ma or
source of smoke dust suIphur
dioxide and nit ogen oxides.

Even those who do not smoke may

inhale the smoke produced by others
("oassive smoking’ )
The main sources of
pollution
air
are:
These comprise burning refuse
inc›nerators pesticide spraying natural
sou ces (e.g., wind
borne dust fungi mOlds bacteria) and
nuC ear energy Frog ”OmmCs
AU these co a ribr te oo
pollution.
NOTE..
Although the Earth's atmosphere extends to several
. laye s above the surface it is o my the
thai hold the major portion of the a tmospheric
gases

The level of atmOspheric po lution at

anyone time depends

If the topography is dominated by

mountains
bUÏldin
pollutants (or winds
9 ) the
tend tall become
to content weak
ate and
in the
calm
breathinq zone.
and
NOTE
. The vert cal diffusion of pollutants
depend s
When there is a rapid cooling of lower
Iayei s oï ai te rpei a u e i ve sio
)
s little vertical motion and thehe e
pollutants
and water vapours remain trapped at the
levels an resul "SWOT"
d I .
The "temperature inversion "which is more
freque n th wint month tha sprin
or summer
nt g health
e er is asth eat nto human
(1 Carbon
monoxide
is odorless
ga produ
incoilspleteacombs ss\ o›a oï
ofcolorless ct ca bon
containing materials, such as in in
automobiles, industrial process heat ng
facilities and incine atoi s
Some widespread natural non biological
and biological sources have aìsO been
identifie
d.
Concentrat Ons in urban areas depend
on weather and traffic density.
Effect of CO th
health:
pollution e
It causes harmful effect by reducing
oxygee deliver IO bod orga i
n y
y high level n
extermelly it can cause
n
death.
co, affinity for Hb 240-270
greater than Fetal
times
higher affinity for co Hbcompete
oxygen
with
SO 2 IO bind (irreverse s
bly)
with
haemoglobin.
Effect of CO pollution
healt
on the
h:B thi exposur İO the
-y s e capacit o the th
f blood e
oxygen
İO
hea b y and oth
carryin
grt ain e
organs
deprives body of O2 ca si g
headaches, fatigue, MI and impaired
vision
.
(2) Sulphur dioxide
4 soneooleseveslluns ö s
țI

Sulphur dioxide resulIs from the

combustion Ot sulphur containing fossil
fuel. and when coal and fuel oil
are bu ried
Domestic fires can also
produce containing sulphur
dioxide.
Acid aerosol - sulphuric acid
(H2S0^)is a strong acid thai s
formed from the eaction
sulphur I ioxide gas (S03) with
 3)Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by

combustio
n.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) which has
greater health effects is a
secondary
pollutant created by the oxidation of
NO under conditions of sunlight, or
ma b forme directl b high
y e d
temperatu y y er
re
combUStion in pOwer plants or indoors
fro ga
m
s
(3)Nitrogen Dioxide
reddishbrown gas present in car

Levels of exposure to nitrogen

dioxide that should not be
exceeded WHO guideline
levels) are respectively 400
pg/m3(
and 150 kg m3
(WMO 198 )
(4) Particulate matter :

coa se particles la ger lhan in aerodynan ie

d ame ter and fine particles smalier than
in 60 Od} cam ie diamete r.
The smaller particles contain fhe se condarily
formed ae rOsOl s .combustion pa ticies and
recompensed organic and metal vapours.
The la ge particles usually comain earth's
crustal
n aSerial and fug tive dusI from road s and
indusI ies.
(4) Particulate matter
Particulate matter of respirable size may
be emitted from a number of sources,
some of them natural (eg. dust
storms)and many others that are
more widespread and more
important (e.g. power plants
and industrial processes, don
estic coal burn g. nd
s al incinerators).
(5) Ground level ozone
This is formed when pollutants
such as niI Ogen oxides and volatile
organie cOmpou nds (VOCs) react
in sunIiqht
High levels can cause b eathing
problem s reduce lung function and
trigge asthma symptom s.
GrOund level ozone can also ser
iously
damage OfOÇS and veg eta tion.
Ozone is a powerful g eenhouse gas
and contributes tO 9‹ObaI warming
both d rectly and by reducing carbon
uptake by vegetation
(5) Ground level ozone
The WHO guidelines are 150-
200
and 100-200 pg/m3
WHO
9°7a)
SMOG
Smo 1S of mixture of those
g
i the atmosphe
made
n re
Combination of pollutants
words smoke and
fog.
There are two types : reducing smog
characterized by sulpher dioxide and
particulat
e.
And phOtOchemicãl SF0Og Characterized by
ozone and other oxidants.
• smo related deaths
1 g
London in 1873
were in death of 500 people
can you imagine how much worse the
atmosphere nowt
!
•Limi s visibility
°Decreases UV radiation
•Yelłow black color over
cities
•Causes respiratOry problems and
bronchi
al
Other
pollutant...
Carbon dioxide:
This is not commonly repa ded as an
air pollutant although man
generates enormous amount of il in
combustion process using coal oil and
gas.

II does not take oart in any significant

chemica I react ions with Othe
subslance s in the air Howeve . its global
concentration is rising
above the natural level by an
amount that could increase globa
ten pe ature enough affect cli ate
markedly
Volatile organic compounds:
Polynuclear
hydrocarbons
aromatic
(PAH)
are a large group of organic compounds
with two o more henze Je rings.
The are mainl as a result“
y
pyrolytic y
processes
formed OÍespecially the
10 COC lßte co m bu stiOn Ol oi”g anic
ma te ials, as we I as In no tu al
processes such as carbonizat›on.
There are about 500 PAH in the
ai .the besI knOwn is Ba P.
Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) :
The ave ape Total BaP content in
the
before
mainstream smoke ofin one
978/79,
c
low-tar
1960and cigarettes
garette was modern
The
give concentration of BaPBaP
in a oom extremely
polluted with cigarette smoke can be
In the oast chimney sweeps and
tar-workers were dermally exposed to
sobstantial amounIs ofPAH and there
is suTfcen!evdence Cha!
Polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) :
EpidemiolOg ical studies in coke-
oven
employees in aluminium production
planIs prO /ide sufficient evidence Of the
ole of PAH i the induction of Inned
ca ce .
Owing to its
carcinogenicity
 metals:

Those metals are produced from

different
fäCtOries and
effects andlOn can have
term immediate
effects on
health
human
healt g
h
 OÍ
air
pollutio
n
Monitoring OÍ air pollution
The best indica to s of air pollution a e
(1 jsulphur dioxide.
(2 smoke anal suspendecl pn ticles:
A known volume of a r is fi Tered
thFOU9h a white filter paper under
specified conditions and the stain
s measured
Smoke concent a tion isby photoelect
estimated and ic
mete .
expressed as nJicrograms cubic
metre of
air as an average level over a
period of
time.
Monitoring OÍ air pollution
The best indica to s of air pollution a e
(1 jsulphur dioxide.
(2 smoke anal suspendecl pn ticles.:
A known volume of a r is fi Tered
thFOU9h a white filter paper under
specified conditions and the stain
s measured
Smoke concent a tion isby photoelect
estimated and ic
mete .
expressed as nJicrograms cubic
metre of
air as an average level over a
period of
time.
Monitoring OÍ air pollution
(c) Grit and dust
measurement
Depo sit ąauges. collect grit dust end
other sol Ther ar analyze
ds.
monthly. e d
e
Coeíticient of haze
factor used, paßcuaNy in the
USA ûg
0 SSßSS IO a On n‹ of si One or otì er
aetOSOl i+ df.
Monitoring OÍ air pollution
(e)AQI: Air Quality
Index
Indicates whether pollutant levels in air
may cause health concerns or not.
Range from 0(leas concern) IO
s
(greate500 t
concer
st n)
Types OÏ air pollution

O+i ttÌ L›UI |3UI Ì I

IİUIJ
 Indoor air pollution is one of the most
critical global environmental problems,
probably exposes more people
worldwide to important air pollutants
t h a n d OQ S Ol IUrl OÙ İ
o<tdoo
ar
Rural people in developing countries
may receive as much as two-thirds
to particulates.
According to WHO.....
Around people st II cook
and
heat their homes using in
Abou bur
animal
t dung n crop waste) and a
further
Such cooking and heat ng produces
high levels of air pollution with a range
of health-damaging pollutants
In poorly ventilated dwellings indoor
smoke can be
for small
particles.
Ex OSU rO IS articul arly high among
hO spend
the most time near the domestic hearth
Sulphur Coal
dioxide combustion
Other organic Solvents
vapours (benzene, Adhesives
resi n
toluene, etc) products
Aerosol
sprays
Ozone
Electric
arcing
Radon & UV ght
“daughters" Insulatio
Building
n
material
Fireproofin
Asbestos g
Appliance
s
SMOKY COOKING FUELS
Open fire cooking
stoves
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):
SOURCES
has e Ozeoe woo 1 s
IOyes
SECONDHAND TOBACCO SM

Children whose
mothers smoke:
70” more
Pneumonia and hospitalization
respiratory problems
in yesi 1 is 38% Isigher

20 ‘ of all infa› t deaths could

be avoided it all p eqna ot STOP

5 times higher risk Of

sudden
PESTICIDES
Sp raying pe stic id es at schoo1
home

C l1iId re n s beh av io ur and i nh alation of pe

stic ides
MOSQUITO COILS
SOLVENTS AND VOLATILE
ORGANİC
COMPOUNDS
BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS

Biological are/
pollutants were
organisms:
Animal dander, dust mi Yes, moulds.
infectio agents
us
Sou rces of. biological agents:
We te —da abed su aces ai d ma e
ia s
Humidifie s and stagnant wa ter
Water vapour from cook ng and
showering
A r conditioning
Mattresses upholstered
furniture and carpets
Adverse health effect
.
indoor
of pollutants health
air
Acute in
:Irritation of the mucOus memb anes (eyes
nos throa
t) wheeze ches inh
eforięh.
riess
allergen
s
Increased incidence of acute respiratory
illness
:
"cold", pneumonia otit s media
T acheO6rOGDh tis Exacerb ation Of asthma
Adverse health effect
.
indoor
of pollutants health
airChronic: in
Long-term exposure decreases
lung
growt
h
Impairment of pulmOnary
function
Inc eased susce p ibility iO ch on
re

asthma
Others..
Outdoor air pollution
Outdoor air pollution
Worldwide it is es tima ted thaI 1.3
peopl mo e than half of
million
e
developing countries
them in -- die every year
fro m urbå OF dOO å I OOllU O
Urba ai pollutio iS mao
environmental
n n
r health a r affecting
problem
peopIe i0 bO\Ó develope d and
developi countri
ng es
 signifi cant decreases in
lung function, infl ammation and pain
when breathing.

) chronic bronc I itis and

emp hyse ma as weII as
people with heart disease.
Exposure can tr igger asthma
attacks and cause wheezing,
coughing, and respiratory
irritation in individuals with
sensitive airways.
 irritate
the
Iun gs an d Iower resistan ce to
respiratory infection s suc h as
infl uenza.
eff ects
bre ath in g, res pirat oryonilIness,
changes in the Iung's defenses, and
aggravation of existing heart disease.
 O
F
a form of precipitation that
high levels of sulfuric or
contains
nitric acids, can
contaminate drinking wale
and vegetation,
damage aquatic Iife. and e
ode bui dings
Effects of outdoor air pollution
Health aspects
b) Social and economic
aspects
(a) Health aspects:
The health effects of air pollution are bOth
immediate and delayed. The immediate
effects are borne by the resoira to y sy stern
the result ng state is acute b onchitis.
I th ai Ollutio i intens ma resul
f e r n S e, y t
even in immediate death by suffocation
The delayed effects rnOst commonIy Iinked
with air pollution are chronic bronchitis
Iu g cance I roi c iaI asth sha
emphysema and resairaIO y allergies.
(a) Health aspects:
Lea poison system th bod an
d particularly
is s e y
s dangerous d
to children
developing brain and ne vous system
E evated lead evels in children have been
a ssociated with impaired neuropsychological
development as measured by IOSs of IQ, pOor
school pe ío mance ai d behavioral
difficulti
es.
The elderly children smoke s and those with
chronic respiratory difficulties are most
vulne
able
(b) Social and
aspects
economic
These comprise destruction of
plant and animal life corrosion of
metals damage to br iIdmgs; cos
of cle aiJing a d
maintenance and repairs and
aesthetic nuisance:
Air pollution also reduces visibility in
towns. It can soil and damage clothing.
 of
air
pollutio
Control prevention of
pollutio
air
n
WHO has recommended the following
procedures for the prevention and
control of air poIlution:
 APPROACHES TO
İREDUCE
NDOOR POLLUTİON
1. Eliminate or control the sources
of
pollution:
Improved stoves
Clean fr›eIs (kerose› e, gas
Venting stoves fOr COoking and
heating
ReguIar main tenance of cOOH inQ
hea ting ai d cooling sys ten s
APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR
AIR
 APPROACHES TO
İREDUCE
NDOOR POLLUTİON
3. Air c leanin g — NOT air
fresheners!
Air filters and ionizers may remove
som airborn particl
e es
eGas adsorb‹ng material is used to
remOve cOntaminan
ts
gaseous
APPROACHES TO
İNDOOR ATR PO
REDUCE

EDUCATlONAND
ADUOCACY
 APPROACHES TO
İREDUCE
NDOOR POLLUTİON
Environme pol i cymak in
nt Frameworkg:Convention on
Tobacco
CO PtFOİ
Clean ndoo a‹ eg
Nations Community
actions
Research
Control of outdoor
pollution
air
(a)
Containment:
That is,preventi Of escape tOXI
on ii?\O the a
substa nCßS C
bient air.
of
Containment can be achieved by a
var ety of engineering methods such as
enclosure ventilation and ai cleaning.

A maor contribution this field

development of ’ arresters" fo the
‹s
remOvã I Of contaminants.
Control of outdoor
pollution
air
(b) Re¡olacement:
Thai is replacing a technOlOgical
process causing air pollution, by a new

Increased use oł electricity natural gas

an centr heatin pac o co hav
d al helped
greatly g e smoke
f a rede
ctio› There is a move
now to reduce lead in petrOl
Which is a cumulative poison.
Control of outdoor
pollutio
air
n
D !ulion s valid so long as it is withî n
the selí-

The establish ment betwee

of " n

and trouble occurs when the atmosphere is

ove burdened with polluta nts.
Control of outdoor
pollution
air
d) Lepis/a fion.
e.g. Clean Air Acts legislation
cove s such
h urghot ch in
nets to local authorities to car y out
powers
investigalio ss. esea ch and eels ca ion
CO Ce In n q aiI OlILII i Ol
creation of a
enforcement
Id of standa d for ambient air
The term ozone hole refers to
Observed
yearly over the South Pole areas
whereby the amOunt of ozone in the
atmosphere drastically decreases in

.Since the beginning of the eighties one

notices that this
and that the cOvered surface ‹s
 The Montreal Protocol was one of
environmental
the first agreements to formally
recognize the precautionary principle.
Related actions taken consistent
principle
with this have included the preemptive
decisiOn
 In 2009 the Montreal PrOtOcol
became the›n history IO Achieve
first treaty
universal with 196 governments
ratif›cation
(Parties).
As a consequence I can now be said
the that
entire global community has legally
committed it self to meeting