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Ocular Pharmacology

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6 views15 pages

Ocular Pharmacology

Uploaded by

ssjsafwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integral Institute of Allied Health & Research, Integral University,

Lucknow
Course Code: BO213 Course Name: General & Ocular
Pharmacology

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
OCULAR
PHARMACOLOGY

Atiya Perween Program Name: Bachelor of


Optometry
Objectives

1. To understand the common term used in ocular pharmacology.

2. To understand the pharmacodynamics & pharmacokinetics.

3. To understand the ocular routes for drugs administration.

4. To understand the drug formulation for ocular use.

5. To understand barriers to ocular drug penetration.

6. To understand the adverse effects of ocular drugs.

2
Prerequisites

What You Should Know Beforehand:


o
Ocular Anatomy & Physiology of the Eye

o
Ocular Biochemistry of the Eye

o
Ocular disease

o
Pathology & Microbiology

3
Ocular Pharmacology

• Ocular pharmacology involves the study of drugs used to treat eye


diseases.
• It includes how drugs are absorbed, metabolized and elimination from
the eye.
• Common ocular drugs are – • Antibiotics
• Antivirals
• Antifungals
• Mydriatics
• Antiglaucoma drugs
• Corticosteroids
• NSAIDs
• Diagnostics agents &
• Local Anesthetics
4
Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics - Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biological effects of drugs and their
mechanisms of action.

Clinically, pharmacodynamics is the correlation between the dosage of a drug that is administered to a
patient and the pharmacological response of the drug.

Pharmacokinetics – Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and


excretion of drugs.

• Absorption – Drugs penetrate via cornea or conjunctiva.


• Distribution – Drug movement within ocular tissues (aqueous humor, lens, retina).
• Metabolism – Enzymatic breakdown of drugs in ocular tissues.
• Elimination – Removal via aqueous humor drainage.

5
Ocular Routes For Drug
Administration.
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic disease.

The main primary routes associated with ocular drug administration are topical, local (includes
periocular, intravitreal, and intracameral) and oral/systemic. The location of the eye to be medicated
helps to select an appropriate route.

6
TOPICAL PERIOCULAR INTRAOCULAR

Drop Subconjunctival Intracameral


Ointment Sub tenon Intravitreal
Gel Peribulbar

Soft Retrobulba
contact r
lens

7
ROUTE BENEFIT TREATMENT OF DISEASE

TOPICAL High patient Keratitis, uveitis, conjunctivitis,


compliance, self- scleritis, episcleritis,
administrable and blepharitis.
noninvasive.
ORAL/SYSTEMIC Patient compliance Scleritis, episcleritis, CMV retinitis.
and noninvasive
route of
administration.
OVERVIEW

INTRAVITREAL & Direct delivery to AMD, PU, BRVO, CRVO, DME,


INTRAOCULAR vitreous and retina, CME, UME, CMV retinitis.
sustains drug levels
INTRACAMERAL Provides higher drug Anesthesia, prevention of
levels in the anterior endophthalmitis, inflammation
chamber, reduces corneal and pupil dilation.
and systemic side
effects.
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL Delivery to anterior and Glaucoma, CMV retinitis,
posterior segment, site AMD, PU.
for depot formulations.
8
SUBTENON (between the High vitreal drug DME, AMD, RVO, uveitis
sclera & tenon capsule) levels, relatively
noninvasive.
RETROBULBAR Administer high local doses of Anesthesia
anesthetics, more effective
than peribulbar, minimal
influence on IOP

POSTERIOR sustain drug levels up to AMD, DME


JUXTASCLERAL( an injection 6 months to the macula,
near to sclera to deliver drugs to avoids risk of endophthalmitis
the retina and choroid). and intraocular damage.

9
Drug Formulation For Ocular Use

SOLUTIONS : Fast absorption but short duration(e.g., artificial tears, antibiotics).


SUSPENSIONS : Require shaking before use (e.g., steroids like prednisolone acetate, nepafenac).

OINTMENTS : Prolonged contact time but may cause blurred vision (e.g., erythromycin
ointment).

GELS : Increased retention time (e.g. Timolol gel-forming solution for glaucoma).
INSERTS : Slow, controlled drug release (e.g., Ocusert for pilocarpine).

10
Barriers To Ocular Drug Penetration

Tear Film – Can wash away topically administered drugs.


Corneal Barrier – Lipophilic drugs penetrate better; hydrophilic drugs have poor absorption.
Blood-Aqueous Barrier – Prevents systemic drugs from entering aqueous humor.
Blood-Retinal Barrier – Limits systemic drug penetration into retina and vitreous.
Viscosity – Low viscosity solution are drained more rapidly.
pH & Tonicity – For stability reason, most eye drops are formulated at pH other than 7.4. They are therefore
potentially irritating the eye, stimulating tear production.

11
Adverse Effects of Ocular Drugs

• Local – Irritation, redness, blurred vision, dryness, FB sensation, corneal toxicity.


• Systemic – Bradycardia (beta-blockers), drowsiness (antihistamines), increased IOP (steroids).
• Allergic Reactions – Redness, itching, swelling, anaphylaxis (rare).
• Some specific ocular drugs and their potential side effects :
• Corticosteroids: Increased intraocular pressure, cataract formation, blurred vision.
• Mydriatics(pupil dilating agents): Blurred vision, light sensitivity, increased heart rate.
• Miotics(pupil constricting agents): Eye pain, brow ache, blurred vision, excessive tearing.
• Antihistamines: Dry eyes, stinging sensation.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Burning, stinging, potential for corneal
damage.

12
ABBREVIATION
(Medical Prescription)

13
Questions?

14
THANKYOU

15

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