Ch 5 : Mathematical Functions,

Characters, and Strings

CS1: Java Programming
Colorado State University

Original slides by Daniel Liang

Modified slides by Kris Brown

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used

on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character.
For example, the following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
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 Unicode Format
Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme
established by the Unicode Consortium to support the
interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the
world’s diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,
preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers
that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can
represent 65535 + 1 characters.
Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek
letters

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ASCII Code for Commonly Used
Characters

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Escape Sequences for Special Characters

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 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Comparing and Testing
Characters
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase letter");
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase letter");
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
System.out.println(ch + " is a numeric character");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Methods in the Character Class

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 The String Type
The char type only represents one character. To represent a string
of characters, use the data type called String. For example,

String message = "Welcome to Java";

String is a predefined class in just like System and Scanner.

String is not a primitive type. It is known as a reference type.

Reference data types will be discussed in Chapter 9, “Objects and

Classes.” For now, you just need to know how to declare a String,
how to assign a string to the variable, how to perform simple
operations on strings.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Simple Methods for String Objects

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Simple Methods for String Objects
Strings are objects in Java. The methods in the preceding
table can only be invoked from a specific string instance.

For this reason, these methods are called instance methods.

A non-instance method is called a static method. E.g., all

the methods defined in the Math class are static methods.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Getting String Length
String message = "Welcome to Java";
System.out.println("The length of " + message + " is "
+ message.length());

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 Getting Characters from a String

String message = "Welcome to Java";

System.out.println("The first character in message is "
+ message.charAt(0));

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Converting Strings
"Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string, welcome.
"Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string,
WELCOME.
" Welcome ".trim() returns a new string, Welcome.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 String Concatenation
String s3 = s1.concat(s2); or String s3 = s1 + s2;

// Three strings are concatenated

String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB

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 Reading a String from the Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter three words separated by spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 is " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 is " + s3);

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 Reading a Character from the
Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The character entered is " + ch);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Comparing Strings

OrderTwoCities Run

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 Obtaining Substrings

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Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String

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Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String
int k = s.indexOf(' ');
String firstName = s.substring(0, k);
String lastName = s.substring(k + 1);

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 Mathematical Functions
Java provides many useful methods in the Math
class for performing common mathematical
functions.

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 The Math Class
● Class constants:
– PI
–E
● Class methods:
– Trigonometric Methods
– Exponent Methods
– Rounding Methods
– min, max, abs, and random Methods

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 Trigonometric Methods
● sin(double a) Examples:

● cos(double a)
Math.sin(0) returns 0.0
● tan(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.5
● acos(double a)
Math.sin(Math.PI / 2)
● asin(double a) returns 1.0
Math.cos(0) returns 1.0
● atan(double a)
Math.cos(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.866
Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)
Radians returns 0

toRadians(90)
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 Exponent Methods
● exp(double a) Examples:
Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
Returns e raised to the power of a.
Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
● log(double a) Math.pow(2, 3) returns 8.0
Math.pow(3, 2) returns 9.0
Returns the natural logarithm of a.
Math.pow(3.5, 2.5) returns
● log10(double a) 22.91765
Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
Returns the 10-based logarithm of a.
Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
● pow(double a,
double b)
Returns a raised to the power of b.

● sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.
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 Rounding Methods
● double ceil(double x)
x rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a
double value.
● double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a
double value.
● int round(float x)
Return (int) Math.floor(x+0.5).
● long round(double x)
Return (long) Math.floor(x+0.5).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Rounding Methods Examples
Math.ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
Math.rint(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.rint(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.rint(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.rint(2.5) returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.5) returns -2.0
Math.round(2.6f) returns 3
Math.round(2.0) returns 2
Math.round(-2.0f) returns -2
Math.round(-2.6) returns -3
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 min, max, and abs
● max(a, b)and Examples:
min(a, b)
Returns the maximum or Math.max(2, 3) returns 3
minimum of two parameters. Math.max(2.5, 3) returns
3.0
● abs(a)
Math.min(2.5, 3.6)
Returns the absolute value of the
parameter. returns 2.5
Math.abs(-2) returns 2
● random() Math.abs(-2.1) returns
Returns a random double value 2.1
in the range [0.0, 1.0).

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 The random Method
Generates a random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and
less than 1.0 (0 <= Math.random() < 1.0).

Examples:

In general,

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