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Cell - January 24-27

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the definition of a cell, the history of cell theory, and the relationship between cell shape and function. It explains the basic parts of a cell, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the roles of various organelles. Additionally, it discusses the limitations on cell size and the levels of biological organization.

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Anis A Haryadi
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15 views33 pages

Cell - January 24-27

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the definition of a cell, the history of cell theory, and the relationship between cell shape and function. It explains the basic parts of a cell, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the roles of various organelles. Additionally, it discusses the limitations on cell size and the levels of biological organization.

Uploaded by

Anis A Haryadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Structure

and Function
Review

1. What is a cell?

 A cell is the smallest unit that can


carry on all of the processes of life.
2. Early scientists that
led to the cell
theory:
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) – given credit for
developing the 1st mini microscope, looked at pond
water and made detailed drawings
 Robert Hooke – coined the term “cell” when he
looked at slices of cork and dead plant cells
 Robert Brown (1833) – observed a dark structure
near the center of the cell (we now know this is the
nucleus)
 Matthias Schleiden (1838) – stated all plants are
made of cells
 Theodore Schwann (1839) – discovered all animals
are made of cells
 Rudolph Virchow (1855) - stated all cells come from
the division of preexisting cells
3. Cell Theory

 All living things are composed of cells.

 Cells are the basic units of structure


and function in living things.

 All cells come from preexisting cells.


4. Relationship between a cell’s
shape and it’s function
Nerve cells:
communication
 Diversity of shape reflects
diversity of functions
 Can be simple or complex
depending on its function
 Cell shape evolved to
allow the cell to perform Skin cells:
protection
its function effectively

Blood cells:
transport
5. What factor limits the size that
most cells are able to obtain?
 Limited by the relationship of the cell’s
outer surface area to its volume
 Most cells range from 10 -100µm
6. What is the problem with cells
getting too large?

As a cell grows, it’s volume increases


much faster than its surface area
The surface area (the membrane)
would not allow materials to enter or
leave the cell quickly enough to
meet the cell’s needs.
Therefore, most cells are
microscopic in size.
7. Three Basic Parts of
the Cell:

 Cell Membrane – regulates what enters and


leaves the cell
 Cytoplasm – site of many chemical reactions
of the cell
 Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
 Contains the organelles of the cell

 Nucleus– controls all of the cells activities


 Either free-floating DNA in center of the cell
(Prokaryotes) OR a membrane bound organelle called
a nucleus (Eukaryotes)
8. Two basic types of
cells

 Prokaryotes – organisms whose cells lack


nuclei and other organelles (i.e. bacteria)

 Eukaryotes – organism whose cells contain


nuclei and other organelles

Pro- = before
Eu- = true
-karyon =
kernel/nucleus
9. What is an organelle?

 A well-defined, intracellular body


that performs specific functions for
the cell.
 Ex: mitochondrion produces energy (in
the form of ATP) for the cell
Prokaryote vs.
Eukaryote

Typical Prokaryote (a
bacterium):
10. Prokaryote vs.
Eukaryote

Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic


Cell membrane  
Cytoplasm  
Genetic Material  
Nucleus 
Organelles (only

ribosomes)
Bacteria 
Plants, animals,

fungi, & protists
11. Levels of Organization

CELLS  TISSUE  ORGANS  ORGAN


SYSTEM  ORGANISM
12. PROKARYOTIC
CELL DIAGRAM

PILI – used for


attachment to surfaces

CELL MEMBRANE –
Regulates what enters and lea
CELL WALL – DNA – controls all cells activitie
protection
FLAGELLA – moves the cell
RIBOSOME –
makes proteins
Animal Cell

Nucleolus Nucleus cytoplasm


Nuclear envelope
Rough ER
mitochondria

lysosome
ribosomes
(dots)

Cell (Plasma) membrane


Golgi apparatus
Smooth ER
Plant Cell
*’s = organelles only found in plant cells, NOT animal cells

Nuclear envelope Rough ER

Nucleus Smooth ER
Nucleolus

* Central Vacuole *
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
* Cell Wall *
Cytoplasm
Cell (Plasma)
membrane
* Chloroplast *
Cell Membrane – outer
boundary

 In plants & animals

 Structure:
 Phospholipid bilayer
• hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
 Contains lipids (bilayer), proteins (channels), and
carbohydrate chains (identification cards)

 Function:
 Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
 Semi-permeable membrane
 Protection and support
Nucleus - control center

 In plants and
animals
 Structure:
 Genetic material
called chromatin
(DNA + proteins)
 Function:
 Information center
of the cell
 Protects DNA
 Directs/controls
cell activities
Nucleolus -

 In plants &
animals
 Structure:
 Made of RNA +
proteins
 Small, darkened
region inside of
nucleus
 Function:
 where ribosomes
are made
Mitochondria

 In plants & animals

 Structure:
 Double membrane
Cristae - inner folds, increase surface area
Outer membrane for protection of organelle

 Function:
 “Powerhouse” of the cell – produces ATP’s (cell energy)
 Able to self-replicate ( # in cells with high energy need)
 Releases energy from food for the organism to use in the
process of cellular respiration
Ribosomes
 In plants & animals

 Structure:
 Little “dots”
 Small (25 nm) ball-like
structures
 Found free-floating in
cytoplasm or attached to
rough endoplasmic reticulum
 Composed of RNA and protein

 Function:
 Synthesis of proteins (where
proteins are made)
Vacuole
 In plants - 1 large, central
 In animals – several and
small

 Function:
 Storage of water, salts, proteins,
carbohydrates, waste products
 Pressure system for plants, prevents
wilting
 Special vacuole: contractile vacuole -
prevents excess water intake, leading
to cell-bursting found in freshwater
PROTISTS like a paramecium
Cell Wall –
 Only in plants, bacteria,
fungi

 Structure -
 Lies outside the cell
membrane
 Made of fibers of cellulose
(plants)
 Very porous

 Function
 Helps to protect and support
the cell
 Gives rectangular shape to
plant cells
Chloroplasts
 Only in plants
 Structure:
 Inner membranes
(thylakoids) surrounded by
an outer membrane
 Function:
 Conversion of light energy
(sun) into chemical energy
(glucose/food) during the
process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 Other Plastids:
 Chromoplasts – Store pigments (ex.
carrot root cells, flower petals)
 Amyloplasts - Store food/starch
List 3 parts of cells you learned about
today.

Describe the function of each of the


parts you listed.

Yes, you should write your name on


the paper
Moving chloroplasts
adjusting to light
Moving chloroplasts
adjusting to light

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