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113-Anatomical Terms and Skeletal System++

The document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the skeletal system, including definitions, classifications, and functions of bones. It details anatomical positions, movements, and planes, as well as the structure of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The lecture aims to equip students with foundational knowledge in anatomy by the end of the session.

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12 views26 pages

113-Anatomical Terms and Skeletal System++

The document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the skeletal system, including definitions, classifications, and functions of bones. It details anatomical positions, movements, and planes, as well as the structure of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The lecture aims to equip students with foundational knowledge in anatomy by the end of the session.

Uploaded by

jtg2hrsr22
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANATOMICAL TERMS AND

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Associate Prof.Anatomy
Dr.Tahani AlMatrafi
OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lecture, you should be able to:


 Define the word “Anatomy”.
 Enumerate the different anatomical fields.
 Describe the anatomical position.
 Describe different anatomical terms of position & movements as well different
anatomical planes.
 Classify bones according to shape, structure & development.
 Enumerate different bones of both axial & appendicular skeleton.
WHAT IS ANATOMY?

The word anatome is of Greek origin meaning cutting up (ana= up; tome=
cutting).
■ Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye.
■ Microscopic anatomy; (Histology): Study of fine structure (cells & tissues) of the
human body with the help of microscope.
■ Developmental anatomy; ( Embryology).
■ Radiological anatomy.
■ Applied anatomy.
■ Surface anatomy.
■ Surgical anatomy.
ANATOMICAL POSITION

■ It is the standard position in which the


body assume to describe its parts.
Body is erect
Arms hanging by the side

Palm facing forward

Feet are parallel


ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
 Superior (cranial): near to head.
X Inferior (caudal): away from head.
 Anterior (ventral): near to front.
X Posterior (dorsal): near to back.
 Medial: near to median plane.
X Lateral: away from median plane
 Proximal: near to trunk.
X Distal: away from trunk.
 Superficial: near to skin (surface).
X Deep: away from skin.
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
■ TERMS OF GENERAL MOVEMENTS
 Flexion: approximation of 2 parts
(decreasing the angle between 2 parts).
X Extension: straightening (increasing the
angle between 2 parts).
 Abduction: away from median plane.
X Adduction: toward median plane.
 Lateral rotation: rotation away from
median plane.
X Medial rotation: rotation toward median
plane.
 Circumduction: combined movements of
flexion, extension, abduction & adduction.
Special Movements Of Upper
Limb

■ Opposition: bringing tips of


fingers and thumb together as
in picking something up
Special Movements Of Upper
Limb
■ Supination:
■ Lateral rotation of the forearm.
■ The palm faces Anteriorly.
■ The radius and ulna are Parallel.
■ Pronation:
■ Medial rotation of the forearm.
■ The palm faces Posteriorly
■ The radius Crosses the ulna and
the two bones form an X.
Special Movements Of Lower
Limb
■ Dorsiflexion
■ Up movement of the foot
■ (Standing on the heels)

■ Planter Flexion:
■ Depressing the foot
(down ).
■ Movement with pointing
the toes.
Special Movements Of Lower
Limb
■ Inversion :
■ The sole faces in a Medial
direction.
■ Eversion :
■ The sole faces in a Lateral
direction
ANATOMICAL PLANES & SECTIONS

 Sagittal (median): divides the body


into 2 equal halves (right & left).
 Parasagittal (paramedian):
divides the body into 2 unequal parts (right
& left).
 Frontal (coronal):
divides the body into anterior & posterior
parts.
 Transverse (cross): divides the body
into superior & inferior .parts
BODY CAVITIES
 Ventral body cavity: divided by
diaphragm into:
1. Thoracic cavity: superior to
diaphragm, contains heart & lungs.
2. Abdominal cavity: inferior to
diaphragm, contains stomach,
intestine, liver, urinary bladder, etc…
 Dorsal body cavity: divided into 2
parts continuous with each other:
1. Cranial cavity: space inside skull,
contains brain
2. Spinal cavity: space inside vertebral
column, contains spinal cord
SKELETAL SYSTEM

Includes:
 Bones
 Joints: articulations between
bones
FUNCTIONS OF BONE

1. Support: of the body.


2. Storage: of fat and minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorus.
3. Protection: of soft body organs.
4. Attachment: of muscles.
5. Movement: of the body as a whole, or of the body parts.
6. Blood cell formation.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE
Bones are classified on the
bases of their:
■ Shape:
■ Long,
■ Short,
■ Flat,
■ Irregular.
■ Structure:
■ Compact,
■ Spongy.
■ Development:
■ Membrane,
THE SKELETON

 Formed of 206 bones.


 Divided into:
1. Axial skeleton:
Bones forming the trunk (longitudinal axis) of
body.
2. Appendicular skeleton:
Bones forming the girdles & limbs.
BONES OF AXIAL SKELETON
1.SKULL
 Consists of:
 Cranium:
bones enclosing brain:
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal
 Facial bones:
bones of face:
- Maxilla
- Nasal
- Zygomatic
- Mandible.
BONES OF AXIAL SKELETON
2.VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Number: 33 vertebrae.
 Functions: protects spinal cord and supports the
body.
 Formed of:
 7 cervical vertebrae.
 12 thoracic vertebrae.
 5 lumbar vertebrae.
 5 sacral vertebrae fused to form sacrum.
 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form coccyx.
BONES OF AXIAL SKELETON
3. STERNUM
 Has 3 parts:
 Manubrium,
 Body &
 Xiphoid process.

4. RIBS
 12 pairs:
 All ribs articulate with vertebrae.
 Only upper 7 pairs articulate with sternum, (true
ribs).
 8th ,9th & 10th ribs are false ribs.
 11th & 12th ribs are floating ribs.
BONES OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON
PECTORAL GIRDLE
 Connects upper limb with axial skeleton.
 Formed of:
 Clavicle &
 Scapula.
 (2 bones on each side)
PELVIC GIRDLE
 Connects lower limb with axial skeleton.
 Formed of:
 Hip bone,(one only on each side).
BONES OF APPENDICULAR
 UPPER LIMB
SKELETON
 Bone of arm:
 Humerus.
 Bones of forearm:
 Radius (lateral) &
 ulna (medial).
 Bones of the hand:
 8 carpal bones.
 5 metacarpal bones.
 14 phalanges:
 2 for thumb &
 3 for each of medial 4 fingers.
BONES OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 LOWER LIMB
 Bone of thigh:
 Femur.
 Bones of leg:
 Fibula (lateral) &
 Tibia (medial).
 Patella.
 Bones of foot:
 7 tarsal bones.
 5 metatarsal bones.
 14 phalanges:
 2 for big toe & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes.
LONG BONES
Formed of:
 A shaft (diaphysis): composed of
compact bone.
 Two ends (epiphysis): composed of
spongy bone.
 Metaphysis: This is the region of
contact between epiphysis &
diaphysis.
 The metaphysis contains
epiphyseal plate of cartilage
responsible for linear bone growth.
!TEST YOURSELF

■ Which one of the following bones is a bone of the axial skeleton?


1. Femur.
2. Humerus.
3. Scapula.
4. Sternum.
■ Which one of the following planes divides the body into superior & inferior
parts?
1. Frontal (coronal) plane.
2. Sagittal (median) plane.
3. Parasagittal (Paramedian) plane
4. Transverse (cross) plane.
GOOD LUCK

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