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Vectors 2022

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47 views47 pages

Vectors 2022

Uploaded by

laisichristian4
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPIC Physics I (PHY 31101)

introduction to mechanics

2 Vectors
KONDWANI CHAFULUMIRA CHUMACHIYENDA MWALE
Basic Sciences Department
Faculty Of Agriculture
Bunda /City Campus
Lilongwe University Of Agriculture And
Natural Resources
REVISION:
• Define a vector quantities
• Give examples of vector quantities
• Define scalar quantity
• Give examples of scalar quantities
Vector Representation
• A vector is represented using an arrow and
magnitude. An arrow shows direction.

• Vector notation: sometimes we use letters


with an arrow or a dash on top to denote a
vector: ā, â,
Vector
1.
Relationships
Vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude, direction
and dimension
2. Only vectors of the same units can be added or subtracted.
3. The negative of a vector has the same magnitude but opposite
direction
4. Subtraction of a vector is defined by adding a negative vector.
5. Multiplication or division of a vector by a scalar results in a
vector for which:
• Only magnitude changes if the scalar is positive
• The magnitude changes and direction is reversed if the scalar is
negative.
Types of vector
classification
A. Free vectors
• These are vector quantities with both magnitude
and direction but without a particular position and
a specific point of application in space.
• Examples of free vectors are, angular velocity on a
rigid body, torque applied to a rigid body, velocity
of a particle moving in a straight line.
Types of vectors
B. Sliding vectors
• Vector quantities with both magnitude and
direction and have a specific line of action in space
but do not have a specific point of application in
space. The line of action act at any point along the
slide without changing the overall effect.
• Examples of sliding vectors include, force applied
on a rigid body, the flow velocity of a fluid in a pipe
with a uniform section.
Types of vectors
C. Fixed vectors
• Vector quantities with both magnitude and
direction and have a specific point of application in
space. If the line of action is changed, the overall
effect is changed
• Examples of fixed vectors are, force on a deformed
body, force on a given particle, momentum of a
particle, a force applied to the end of a spring.
Force vectors
• Inspite of the fact that vectors have magnitude and
direction, it is very important to specify the
direction along the line of action of the action force
and the point at which the force is applied. For
example, the gravitation force acting on a mass of a
body acts towards the centre of the earth and for
most purposes this can be taken to be vertically
down.
Concurrent forces
• These are forces whose lines of action pass through
the same point.
Coplanar forces
• These are forces acting in the plane
Vector addition and
subtraction
• Vectors can either act parallel to each other going
in the same direction or can act in opposite
direction (anti-parallel). Parallel and anti-parallel
vectors usually act at 180° to each other.
Vector addition and
subtraction
Parallel and anti-parallel vectors
• Parallel vectors are simply added where as anti-
parallel vectors are subtracted. We normally use
ordinary mathematics to calculate the magnitude of
parallel and anti-parallel vectors.
70N

30N
: Resultant = 100N
Vector addition and
subtraction
• Anti-parallel vectors

70N

30 N

Resultant: 70 – 30 = 40N
Techniques of adding
vectors
• When we have vectors acting at any angle other
than 180 we use triangular and parallelogram rules
to work out their resultant and direction.
TRIANGULAR RULE

• Triangular rule may be applied in two aspects:


1. In numerical method and
2. graphical method.
TRIANGULAR RULE

Graphical Method
• Steps followed when applying triangular rule in graphical
method (Scale drawing).
1. Select an appropriate scale
2. Draw vector V1 using the selected scale without changing
its original direction.
3. Join the tail of vector V2 to the to the head of vector V1
without changing the direction of vector V2
4. Using the same scale draw a third vector joining the tail of
V1 to the head of V2 and this is referred to as a RESULTANT
VECTOR.
TRIANGULAR RULE
• Consider the following:
TRIANGULAR RULE
Numerical Method
• In numerical method we normally apply
trigonometry, (Pythagoras theorem, sine and cosine
rules).
TRIANGLE OF FORCES
• For example, if you want to find the resultant of the
vectors below:
A

C
TRIANGLE OF FORCES
• States that vectors represented by the two sides of a triangle
taken in the same order, then third or closing side of the
triangle taken in the opposite order represents the resultant in
magnitude and direction.
• The result of A + B + C will be found by first adding A and C to
get R1.

• Then join R1 to B to the final resultant R2.


C
A
TRIANGLE OF FORCES
• Then R2 will be

R1 R2
B
PARALLELOGRAM RULE

• States that, “the resultant of two vectors acting at


any point and at any angle is represented by a
diagonal formed after completing the vectors into a
parallelogram.”
• When adding vectors using parallelogram rule, we
can either apply the graphical method or numerical
method. Most of the steps followed in graphical
method are similar to the steps in triangular rule.
PARALLELOGRAM RULE
• Steps followed when applying parallelogram rule
1. Select an appropriate scale
2. Using the selected scale draw vectors A and B joined
head to tail.
3. Complete vectors A and B into a parallelogram
4. Draw a diagonal from where A and B are meeting and
that is the RESULTANT VECTOR.
PARALLELOGRAM RULE
• Consider Vectors A and B below:

60

B
PARALLELOGRAM RULE
• If A is 3N and B is 5N find the magnitude and
direction of the two vectors.
• Applying graphical method, we have
PARALLELOGRAM RULE
• Measuring the length of the resultant on a graph
using an appropriate scale, gives 7.1N as magnitude
and 21° from vector B as direction.
• Numerical method techniques
• We compute both the magnitude and direction of
the resultant using trigonometry.
PARALLELOGRAM RULE
• Pythagoras Theorem: used when two vectors are
acting at right angles
• R 2 = A2 + B 2
Cosine Rule
• C2 = A2 +B2 – 2AB Cos θ
• Sine Rule
• Sin A/a = Sin B/b = Sin C/c
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
• Two students are carrying a pale of water. They
each exert 5N and 10N at 30° respectively. Find
the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force.
• Two equal forces F have a resultant of 1.5 F. Find
the angle between the two forces.
Resolution of
vectors
• Resolution of a vector is the process of determining the
vertical and horizontal components of a given vector.
• Consider vector R below
Resolution of vectors
Magnitude of components:
• Rx = RCos θ
• Ry = RSin θ

EXAMPLE
• A man pulls a crate with a force of 60N at 30° to the ground.
Resolve this vector into its components.
Resolution of vectors
• Solution:
60 N
30°

• To resolve vector A we simply need to use


trigonometric functions Ax and Ay.
• Ax = 60N Cos 30° = 52.0N
• Ay = 60N Sin 30° = 30.0 N
A system of coplanar
forces
• Coplanar forces are forces that act at a single point and
in the same plane.
• If so many vectors are acting from one point you find
the resultant vector by resolving each vector into its
components and adding all the components together.
A system of coplanar
forces
• Calculating magnitude of the resultant of coplanar
forces.

A B

C
RESOLVING A system of
coplanar forces
R x = A x + B x + Cx
R y = A y + B y + Cy
R 2 = R x2 + R y 2

Direction of the resultant


• Tan θ= Ry ÷ Rx
• θ= tan-1(Ry ÷ Rx)
A system of coplanar
forces
EXAMPLE
• A butcher man prepares a carcass from a cow and hang it.
He divided the portions using four different ropes. A 400 N
force is tied at 120 clockwise from the negative side of the x-
axis, a 100 N force is tied at 50 clockwise from the positive
side of the x-axis, a 200 N force is tied at 250 clockwise
from the positive side of the y-axis and a 50N force is tied
along the negative side of the x-axis. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
EXAMPLE
CONTINUED….
• PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
Example continues…..
When resolving vectors into their components we
consider the following:
• All components moving upwards are positive
• All components moving downwards are negative
• All components moving to the right are positive
• All components moving to the left are negative
Example
FORCE
continues…..
X - COMP RESULT Y - COMP RESULT

400 N 400 Cos 60° 200.00 400 Sin 60° 346.41

100 N 100 Cos 50° 64.28 100 Sin 50° -76.60

200 N 200 Cos 20° -187.94 200 Sin 20° - 68.40

50 N 50 Cos 180° - 50.00 50 Sin 180° 0.00

TOTAL 26.34 N 201.41 N


Example continued….
Magnitude

• R = 203.13 N R 201.41N

Direction
82.5 °
82.5°
26.34 N
POLYGON OF FORCES
• In this case vectors are added in a such a way that they
form a polygon.
• Find the resultant of the vectors below
POLYGON OF FORCES

• 10N 5N

R 6N
12N
VECTORS ON INCLINED
PLANES
• Resolution of vectors on an inclined plane is the
same as ordinary resolution of vectors.
N

mgSinθ
θ2
θ1
mg mgCosθ
VECTORS ON INCLINED
PLANES
• Proving that θ1 = θ2

θ4

θ3 θ2
θ1
VECTORS ON INCLINED
PLANES
• θ1+θ3 + 90 = 180 (sum of angles in Δ)
• θ3 = 90 – θ1
• θ3 = θ4 = 90 - θ1 (corr. angles)
• But θ4 + θ2 = 90
• Then θ2= 90 – θ4
• θ2 = 90 – (90 – θ1)
• θ2 = θ 1
Practice question
A shopper leaves home and drives to a store located 7.00
km away in a direction 30.0° north of east. Leaving the
store, the shopper drives 5.00 km in a direction 50.0°
west of north to a restaurant. Find the distance and
direction from the shopper’s home to the restaurant.

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