CHAPTER 1

Measurement and the Properties

of Matter
 Scientific Method: A Flexible Process
Natural phenomena and measured events;
Observations :
universally consistent ones can be stated as a
natural law.

Hypothesis: Tentative proposal that explains observations.

revised if
experiments
do not
Experiment: Procedure to test hypothesis; measures one support it
variable at a time.

Set of conceptual assumptions that explains

Model (Theory):
data from accumulated experiments; predicts
altered if
related phenomena. predictions do
not support it
Further Experiment: Tests predictions based on model.
2
• A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.

Force = mass x acceleration

• A theory is a unifying principle that explains a

body of facts and/or those laws that are based
on them.

Atomic Theory

3
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.

4
Classifications of Matter

5
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout

2. Heterogeneous mixture –
composition is not uniform
throughout
cement, iron filings
in sand
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Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet

7
distillation
• An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
•114 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur
• 32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium

8
• A compound is a substance composed of
atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions.

Compounds can only be separated into their pure

components (elements) by chemical means.

9
 Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters
the composition or identity of
the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water

10
A Comparison: The Three States of Matter

11
 Extensive and Intensive
Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume

An intensive property of a material

does not depend upon how much
matter is being considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 12
 Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer
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 Scientific Notation
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same

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 Scientific Notation

Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2 (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2

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 Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
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Example 1
Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:

(a)478 cm

(b)6.01 g

(c)0.825 m

(d)0.043 kg

(e)1.310 × 1022 atoms

(f)7000 mL
Example
Solution

(a) 478 cm -- Three, because each digit is a nonzero digit.

(b) 6.01 g -- Three, because zeros between nonzero digits are

significant.

(c) 0.825 m -- Three, because zeros to the left of the first

nonzero digit do not count as significant figures.

(d) 0.043 kg -- Two. Same reason as in (c).

(e) 1.310 × 1022 atoms -- Four, because the number is greater

than one so all the zeros written to the right of the decimal point
count as significant figures.
Example

(f)7000 mL -- This is an ambiguous case. The number of

significant figures may be four (7.000 × 103), three (7.00 × 103),
two (7.0 × 103), or one (7 × 103).

This example illustrates why scientific notation must be

used to show the proper number of significant figures.
 Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

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 Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures.

The average of three measured lengths: 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3

Because 3 is an exact number

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Example 2
Carry out the following arithmetic operations to the correct
number of significant figures:

(a)11,254.1 g + 0.1983 g

(b)66.59 L − 3.113 L

(c)8.16 m × 5.1355

(d) 0.0154 kg  88.3 mL

(e) 2.64 × 103 cm + 3.27 × 102 cm

Example
Solution In addition and subtraction, the number of decimal
places in the answer is determined by the number having the
lowest number of decimal places. In multiplication and division,
the significant number of the answer is determined by the
number having the smallest number of significant figures.

(a)

(b)
Example
(c) 8

(d)

(e) First we change 3.27 × 102 cm to 0.327 × 103 cm and then

carry out the addition (2.64 cm + 0.327 cm) × 103. Following
the procedure in (a), we find the answer is 2.97 × 103 cm.
International System of Units (SI)

25
26
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

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 Examples

• Convert 25 g to kg
25 g x 1 kg = 0.025 kg
1000 g

• Convert 2.5 L to µL
2.5 L x 1000 mL x 1000 µL = 2.5 x 106 µL
1L 1mL

Convert 1 cm3 to m3

29
 Practice problems
• Convert
– 53 g to kg
– 25.3 m to cm
– 5.0 kg to mg
– 12 cm3 to m3
– 28.5 cm2 to km2

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Example 3
A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is
0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)?
(1 lb = 453.6 g.)
Example
Strategy The problem can be stated as

? mg = 0.0833 lb

The relationship between pounds and grams is given in the

problem. This relationship will enable conversion from pounds
to grams.

A metric conversion is then needed to convert grams to

milligrams (1 mg = 1 × 10−3 g).

Arrange the appropriate conversion factors so that pounds and

grams cancel, and the unit milligrams is obtained in your
answer.
Example

Solution The sequence of conversions is

Using the following conversion factors

we obtain the answer in one step:

Example 4
Liquid nitrogen is obtained
from liquefied air and is used
to prepare frozen goods and in
low-temperature research.

The density of the liquid at its

boiling point (−196°C or 77 K)
is 0.808 g/cm3. Convert the
density to units of kg/m3.

liquid nitrogen
Example

Strategy The problem can be stated as

? kg/m3 = 0.808 g/cm3

Two separate conversions are required for this problem:

Recall that 1 kg = 1000 g and 1 cm = 1 × 10−2 m.

Example
Solution In Example 1.7 we saw that 1 cm3 = 1 ×10−6 m3. The
conversion factors are

Finally

Check Because 1 m3 = 1 × 106 cm3, we would expect much

more mass in 1 m3 than in 1 cm3. Therefore, the answer is
reasonable.
 Practice problems
• Convert
– 7.0 miles/s to cm/h
– 8.92 miles/min to m/min
– 5.34 x 102 kg/m3 to g/cm3

37
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass

mass – measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon

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Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m 3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3

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Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m 3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass
density = volume

m
d= V

40
Example 5
The density of mercury, the only metal that is a liquid at room
temperature, is 13.6 g/mL. Calculate the mass of 5.50 mL of
the liquid.
Example

Solution We are given the density and volume of a liquid and

asked to calculate the mass of the liquid.
We rearrange Equation (1.1) to give
 Practice problems
1. Convert 5.2 L to m3
2. A helium tank has a volume of 275 L. What
is the volume in m3?
3. Density of Pb is 11.4 g/cm3. If the mass is
25.0 g, what is the volume occupied?

43
A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = 0C + 273.15
273.15 K = 0 0C
373.15 K = 100 0C

F=
0 9 x 0C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C

44
Example 6

(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in

electronic circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of
224°C. What is its melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

(b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at
2452°F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.

(c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room

temperature, melts at 238.9°C. Convert its melting point to
kelvins.
Example
Solution These three parts require that we carry out
temperature conversions, so we need Equations (1.2), (1.3),
and (1.4). Keep in mind that the lowest temperature on the
Kelvin scale is zero (0 K); therefore, it can never be negative.

(a)This conversion is carried out by writing

(b)Here we have

(c)The melting point of mercury in kelvins is given by