SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
MODULE - 1
 INTRODUCTION
What is a System?
• The word System is derived from Greek word
Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of components
to achieve some common cause or objective.
• A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”
Systems Analysis
• It is a process of collecting and interpreting
facts, identifying the problems, and
decomposition of a system into its
components.
 INFORMATION SYSTEM
• nInformation system (IS) is a formal,
sociotechnical,organizational system designed
to collect, process, store, and distribute
information.
• An information system is the software that
helps organize and analyze data. The purpose
of an information system is to turn raw data
into useful information that can be used
for decision making in an organization.
 What are the basic concepts of information systems?

• Information systems use data stored in

computer databases to provide
needed information. A database is an
organized collection of interrelated data
reflecting a major aspect of a firm's activities.
 Business information systems
Business information systems
provide information that organizations use to
manage themselves efficiently and effectively,
typically using computer systems and technology.
• Primary components of business information
systems include hardware, software, data,
procedures (design, development, and
documentation) and people.
What is the role of information system in business?

• A business information system carries out

specific functions in support of operations,
including payroll, employee record storage,
preparing and storing company documents
and credit card processing
 Organizational Chart?

• The definition of an organization chart or "org

chart" is a diagram that displays a reporting or
relationship hierarchy.
• The most frequent application of an org chart
is to show the structure of a business,
government, or other organization.
• The organizational chart is a flowchart that
identifies the organizational elements of a
business and displays area of responsibility
and lines of authority.
• It simulates management to keep its
organizational plan up to date.
 Use of Org. Chart.....
1)To review functions performed by major
elements of the company.
2)Aligning the corporate structure with business
oppurtunity.
3)Comparing salaries, authority and
organizational size.
 Guidelines for Org chart...
1)Layout:
• The layout of the Chart should be attractive.
• Pictures should be made up of rectangles and
lines.
• It should be centred, with margins and white
spaces.
2)Titles and approvals
• The org. Chart should have a meaningful title.
• Should contain approvals, date and other
identifying information.
3)Scope
• Should contain overview of organization’s
main elements.
• Contain dashed line to represent a staff
position as contrast with line position.
4)Organization chart distribution
• Should be distributed to all top level
management.
• All operating officers of business.
• To customers and employees who express
interest in the general org of the company.
5) Information provided
• Each rectangle on the chart should contain
• A title with the function significance, the name
of individual in that position and identifying
org number.
 ORGANIZATION FUNCTION LIST
• Is a document prepared for each org.
• Describes major activities performed by that
org.
• This is a means of increasing the knowledge of
operational processes, job responsibilities and
information.
• Esp for system analyst to improve the
efficiency of business system.
Information structure of a Business
• Org. chart is a one-dimensional picture of a
business.
• Behind it there is a constant flow of
Information-oriented activities and Product-
oriented activities.
• Product flow is the flow of raw materials into a
finished goods.
• Information Flow (Data flow) consists of
creation and movement of the administative
and operational document necessary for
product flow
• Heavy flow line indicates the product flow
path
• And the lighter line indicates the information
flow.
 Example of nine major functional business
systems...
1. Purchase order
2. Inventory transfer
3. Purchase requisition
4. Material requisition
5. Sales order
6. Distribution
7. Billing
8. Customer Payments
9. Vendor checks
 Information generators
• A company must develop information systems
not only its internal reporting needs , but also
the external reporting needs for general
business environment.
Information system levels
1.Operational level:
 Clerical operations
 Less contact with employees

2.Lower management:
 Performs supervisory functions
 Day to day job scheduling
 Check results of operations
3.Middle management
 Tactical in nature
 Allocate and control the necessary objectives
 Performance are measure.
4.Top management
 Startegic in nature
 Establishment of goals
 Long-range planning
 New product development
 Feedback and Control
• Feedback: Comparing actual output with a
desired output for improving the performance
of system.
• Control: action taken to bring the difference
between an actual and a desired output with
an acceptable range.
• Open loop: here provides no oppurtunity for
management control

input system output

• Closed loop: provides managers with both
feedback and control .

Desired
output

Comparison
of desired Managemen Actual
and actual input system
t action output
output
 SDLC
• Software Development Life-Cycle
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
process used by the software industry to
design, develop and test high quality
softwares.
• The SDLC aims to produce a high-quality
software that meets or exceeds customer
expectations, reaches completion within times
and cost estimates.
SDLC STAGES
 SDLC Life Cycle Activities
• It can be described as an orderly sequence of
significant steps.
• We collect these steps into four major phases:
1)The Study phase
2)The Design phase
3)The development phase
4)The Operation phase
(sdlc flow chart)
 The study Phase....(Tasks)
• Phase in which a problem is identified and
analyzed.
 The Design Phase..
• In this phase detailed design of the system
selected in the study phase is accomplished.
• Design phase activities include allocation of
the resources for the task.
• Technical specification are also prepared in
this phase.
 The Development Phase..
• Here the computer-based system is
constructed from the specifications prepared
in the design phase.
• Equipments are acquired and installed during
this phase.
• All other necessary procedures, manuals,
software specifications and other
documentation are completed.
 The Operation Phase..
• New system is installed.
• New system is operated and maintained.
• Performance is reviewed and changes in it are
managed.
Management review of Life- cycle activities

• Management review often is the mechanism

that triggers “cycling back” (ie;feedback) to an
earlier state.
• Three type of decisions at each review:

1)Proceed to next phase

2) cancel the project;
3)Redo certain parts of project
 Baseline Specifications
• Documentation is important in life cycle
activities.
• Most essential documentation is Baseline
specification;
(ie; specifications to which changes can be
reffered)
 Types of Baseline Specifications
1)performance specification
• Completed at the end of study phase
• Describing the language of user.
• About exactly what the system is to do.
• It is genarally “design to” specification.
2)Design Specification
• Completed at the conclusion of the Design
phase.
• Described in the language of programmer.
• It is “build to” specifications.
 System specification
• Completed at the conclusion of development
phase.
• Contains all critical system documentation.
• It is basis for all manuals and procedures.
• It is “as build” specifications.
 SYSTEMS ANALYST
• A systems analyst is a person who uses
analysis and design techniques to solve
business problems using information
technology.
• Systems analysts may serve as change agents
who identify the organizational improvements
needed, design systems to implement those
changes, and train and motivate others to use
the systems.
 Role of system Analyst
• Accuracy
• Data collection and communication
• Data storage
• Speed of Response
 Accuracy
• Accuracy of data entered is potential.
• Once data is entered in to the system in a
machine-readable format,not need to reenter
them.
• This reduces chance of occuring error.
Data collection and communication
• Data collection and communication are faster
and efficient.
• Communication through modern computers
allows faster response.

• Eg; Airline information system.

 Data storage
• In computer datas are kept in master files,
usually magnetic.
• Centralized storage of data.
• Thus eliminate data redundancy.
• Prevent data from contamination by bad data.
 Speed of response
• Time required for information to become
available.
• Provide capability of fast-response system.
 FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• To design new or modified system to solve if
any problems in business systems.
• System to meet new information or
operational needs.
• To prepare and maintain manuals to
communicate company policies.
• To prepare and maintains business
organization charts.