INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP TRAINING

AT

BINWA POWER HOUSE (2x3.00MW)

UTTRALA, KANGRA (HIMACHAL
PRADESH)
Submitted By

SAYAM KUMAR
(21010305048)

Semester 8th

In partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree

Of

BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RAJIV GANDHI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KANGRA AT NAGROTA BAGWAN (HP) 176047

Affiliated To

H.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, HAMIRPUR (H.P.)

January – May 2025

TRAINING CERTIFICATE
 TRAINING SCORECARD

STUDENT DECLARATION

I Sayam Kumar S/O Sh. Ashok Kumar, student of B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering
studying in 8th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Government Engineering College at Nagrota
Bagwan (HP) 176047 hereby declare that I have completed my Industrial Training at
“Binwa Power House (2x3.00MW) Uttrala District Kangra (H.P.)”.I did my training
from 16 January 2025 to 15 May 2025.
The matter embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for the reward
of any other degree.

Sayam Kumar

21010305048

8th Semester

Electrical Engineering

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.

Mrs. Radhika Mr. Ajay Sharma

ATPO HOD/OIC
Electrical Electrical
Department Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Industrial training has an important role in exposing the real-life situation in an industry.
It was a great experience for me to work on training at Himachal Pradesh State
Electricity Board Limited, Binwa Power House (2x3.00MW), Uttrala Tehsil Baijnath
District Kangra (H.P.) through which I could learn how to work in a professional
challenging environment.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source
of inspiration throughout the tenure of my Industrial training.

I am sincerely grateful to Er. Nikhil Sharma (Assistant Engineer) at Binwa Power

House (2x3.00MW), Uttrala Tehsil Baijnath District Kangra (H.P.) who rendered me
his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which made this
training possible.

Last but not least, I wish to thank my Parents for financing my studies in this college as
well as for constantly encouraging me to learn Engineering. I also wish my deep sense
of gratitude to Mr. Ajay Sharma (HOD/OIC) Electrical Department and other
faculty members whose guidance and encouragement made my training successful.

Sayam Kumar

21010305048

8th Semester

Electrical
Engineering
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction about hydro power plant----------------------------------- 1-2

● Hydroelectric Power

Barrage Site and Intermediate Channel---------------------------------- 3-8

● Diversion Dam

● Spillway

● Reservoir

● HRT

● Intake

● Surge Shaft

● Penstock

Components of Power House------------------------------------------ 9-21

● Turbine

● Generator

● Excitation

● Heat Exchanger

● Servomotor

● Main Inlet Valve

● Oil Pumping Unit

Control Panel--------------------------------------------------------------- 22-26

● Synchronizing Control Panel

● Distance Relay

● Overcurrent Relay

● Auxiliary Relay
 ● Differential Relay

● Buchholz Relay

Switchyard And Their Components--------------------------------- 27-38

● Main Transformer

● CT/PT

● Lightning Arrestor

● Isolator

● Feeder

● Busbar

● Circuit Breaker

 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------- 39
 INTRODUCTION ABOUT HYDRO POWER PLANT

Binwa Hydroelectric Project has an installed capacity of 6 MW

comprising 2 units each, is situated near Baijnath in the district of
Kangra in Himachal Pradesh. The approved and installed capacity of
the power plant is 6 Megawatt each. The Type of Project is small,
since the power capacity is between the 3 and 25 Megawatt. The
status of the power plant is completed and became Operational. The
source of water is Binwa River.

Figure 1 - Binwa Power House

The Basin is Indus river up to country’s border. The region of power

plant is North Hydro Electric Region. The owner of the power plant is
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board undertaking by State
Government. The total number of turbines in the plant is two and the
capacity per Turbine is 3 MW. So total installed capacity would be 6
MW.

1
The beneficiary states of this hydroelectric power station are
Himachal Pradesh and its neighbouring states. The power project is
completed in 1984. The type of Turbine used in the power plant is
Pelton. The Turbine and Generator manufacturer of power plant is
GM HUNG. The Unit Sizes of the power plant is 6 Megawatt (2 units
x 3 MW). There are two units in operation andall the two units are
commissioned with an installed capacity of 3 MW for each units.

● HYDROELECTRIC POWER

In hydroelectric power plants energy of water is utilized to move the

turbines which in turn run the electric generator. The energy utilized
for power generation may be kinetic or potential. The kinetic energy
of water is its energy due to its motion and is a function of mass and
velocity, while the potential energy is a function of the difference in
level/head of water between two points. Hydro (water) power is a
conventional, renewable source of energy which is clean, free from
pollution and generally and has good environmental effect.

Figure 2 - Schematic diagram of Hydro Power Plant

2
 BARRAGE SITE AND INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL
BARRAGE SITE MAJOR COMPONENTS

● Diversion
● Spillway
● Head Regulator Gates(H/R Gates)
● Under Sluice Gate (U/S Gates)
● De-Silting Gates (U/S Gates)
● Reservoir

● DIVERSION DAM

At the Barrage site of the Binwa Hydro Electric Plant is where the
water is stored. It is diversion of confluence of Bannu and Parai
Khads

● SPILLWAY

They have diversion channel spill bay. This is used whenever there is
high discharge when pond level increases and the excess water get
spill out through this diversion channel spill way. The water through
this spill way get flow outside the reservoir & that water is of no use.

Spillway Type: Gravity

Figure 3 -Spillway

3
 ● DESILTING BASIN CHAMBERS

Desilting chamber as name indicating to remove silt from the water,

so that the silt (sand, dust particles etc.) cannot move further to
reservoir in more quantity. For this we have desilting chambers of size
50.00*6.25Mtr.Size of particles to be settled 0.2 mm.

Figure 4 – Desilting basin chamber

● RESERVOIR (FOREBAY)

The reservoir made to store a large amount of water so that continues

flow of water or discharge should be available during power
generation. In this reservoir they have three silt flushing out way for
the chambers silt through discharge gate there is one way to reservoir
in which traffic also go into reservoir for silt removing or other inside
maintenance for silt removing with loader, JCB, Tractor, truck etc.

Figure 5 - Reservoir

4
 INTERMEDIATE CHANNEL

Intermediate channel is used to carry water from reservoir to the

power house where main units are installed. It has main importance
because the water head is produced here. Most important thing in the
whole arrangement is to produce pressure. It connects the reservoir
which is usually at higher level and power house at lower level. It
consists of HRT (head race tunnel), penstock etc.
It consists of following:
● HRT (head race tunnel)
● Intake
● SURGE SHAFT
● PENSTOCK

● HEAD RACE LOW PRESSURE TUNNEL

The length of the head race tunnel is about 2071.44 m , from which
the water is taken from the reservoir to the valve house 5m pipe .

Figure 6 – Head Race Low Pressure Tunnel

5
There are two AUDITS made at some distance in the tunnel . The
main purpose of these is to enter the tunnel whenever there is any
problem in between the tunnel . Some of head is produced in head
race tunnel. Shape of tunnel is D shaped concrete lined.

● SURGE SHAFT

During sudden opening and closing of valves when we have to start

and stop the machine excessive pressure is produced in the pipe or
penstock. The pressure is so high that it can break the penstock. To
avoid this a surge shaft is provided after head race tunnel in which
water due to back pressure is stored to a high level.

● INTAKE

The water now has to enter in After reservoir tunnel or HRT that
entrance is known as intake. Here in intake the they put last trash rack
gate for final trash related problem and precautions This is placed
because reservoir is a big storage of water which is uncovered and in
bad weather logs ,rocks etc.

Figure 7 - Intake

6
 ● PENSTOCK

It is a cylindrical pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the

power house . When it reaches the power house the water of the
penstock is divided in to 2 equal parts which further goes to the two
units . Main water head is produced here. It is approximately at 73º to
the surface. It has diameter 1.00 and 0.58 mtr and length 5m.
Penstock carries water from forebay which is an open tank .Penstock
is usually made from mild steel and equal lengths of pipe having
flanges on both side are bolted together.. The damage may be caused
by falling rocks, corrosion ,sinking of the support structure by people
misalignment at the time of installation, landslides or even due to
freezing of water inside the pipe.

Figure 8 - Penstock

It helps to increase the kinetic energy of the water coming from the
dam. Penstock is made up of a very strong material which can sustain

7
the high pressure of water.Total length of penstock in Binwa Hydro
power plant 500.40 mtr.

8
 COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE

TURBINE

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow. The
simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a
shaft with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the
blades react to the flow, so that they rotate and impart energy to the
rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels. Gas,
steam, and water turbines usually have a casing around the blades that
contains and controls the working fluid. A device similar to a turbine
but operating in reverse is a compressor or pump.

IMPULSE TURBINE
These turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid
jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow
with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the
fluid in the turbine rotor blades. Before reaching the turbine the fluid's
pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid
with a nozzle. exclusively.

REACTION TURBINE

These turbines develop torque by reacting to the fluid's pressure or

weight. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the
turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the
working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be
fully immersed in the fluid flow (wind turbines). The casing contains
and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the
suction imparted by the draft tube. Newton's third law describes the
transfer of energy for reaction turbines.

PELTON TURBINE

Pelton Turbine is a kind of impulse turbine. It is used in those projects

where head is very high. For medium head Francis Turbine is used
and for low head Kaplan Turbine is used. In the impulse type of
9
hydraulic turbine, the runner converts the kinetic energy in one or
more jets of high-velocity water into torque in the turbine shaft.

Figure 10 –Pelton Turbine

The runner consists of a definite number of buckets, each of double-

bowl construction, located on the rim of a central disc.
The velocity of the water of the jet which enters each bucket is
reduced nearly to zero in the bucket during operation of turbine. The
kinetic energy in that portion is thereby converted into a force acting
on the moving bucket, and producing a torque on the turbine shaft .

Figure 09–Runner And Deflector

10
The force of the jet is applied only during the time that the water is in
the bucket. The impulse of a force is defined as the product of the
force and the time during which it acts.
Pelton turbines are made either with vertical or with horizontal shafts.
The vertical shaft turbine usually has only one runner and up to six
jets. Most horizontal- shaft units have one or two jets per runner and
one or two runners per turbine.

Figure 10 –Nozzle with spear

GENERATOR
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric
charge ( electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. The
source of mechanical energy water falling through a turbine or water
wheel.

11
The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in either
mechanical or electrical terms.

Mechanical
Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine.
Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine

Electrical
Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical
machine. In a generator, alternator, or dynamo the armature
windings generate the electric current. The armature can be on
either the rotor or the stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine.
The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided
by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on
either the rotor or the stator.

Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than in
the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field
winding on the rotor and the stator as the armature winding. Only a
small amount of field current must be transferred to the moving rotor,
using slip rings. Direct current machines (dynamos) require a
commutator on the rotating shaft to convert the alternating produced
by the armature to direct current, so the armature winding is on the
rotor of the machine

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GENERATOR

● GENERAL

The generator is of vertical shaft umbrella type having salient poles with
closed air circuit ventilation and it is suitable for coupling to a francis
turbine . Static excitation system is provided for energizing the field
winding of rotor through slip rings. To extract the carbon dust from slip
ring area, carbon dust collector collection equipment is required.

12
The generator thrust bearing and guide bearing is positioned below the rotor in
the lower bracket. Thrust bearing is provided the rotor in the bracket. Thrust
bearing is provided with high pressure oil injection system to avoid any
damage to bearing pads. The bearings are self lubricating type and immersed
in the oil coolers are provided to remove the bearing loses. Coolers are directly
mounted on outer steel casing of stator.
For monitoring the air in between generator stator , rotor and vibrations on the
bearings jackets of the machine , on the air gap monitoring system and
vibrations monitor have been provided.

STATOR FRAME

The stator winding is built up of welded steel plates and has adequate depth to
prevent distortion during transport or under any operating condition. Stator
frame is designed to carry the weight of upper bracket, brush gear assembly,
stationary parts and flooring for the generator.

Figure 13 – Stator frame & core

STATOR CORE

Stator core is built of stampings of high grade, hot rolled silicon alloy steel
with varnish insulations on both sides. The core is securely clamped by a no.
of long studs along the outer periphery of the core. In order to ensure
tightness of the core during service, high initial clamping pressure is used
during building of cores.

13
 • STATOR WINDINGS

The stator winding is double layer, bar type, wave wound. The bars are made
of large number of glass covered polyestermide varnish bonded rectangular
copper conductors of small section, transposed to reduce eddy and circulating
currents. The stator winding is star connected having single path per phase.
Three main and three neutral terminals has been brought outside the stator
frame.
● WOUND STATOR

The partially wound stator has been present in three segments to suit the
transport limitations. Therefore, the assembly of the winding bars at the joints
of this stator segments is to be carried out at site at the time of erection of
machine
.

Figure 14 – Wound stator & rotor

• ROTOR

The rotor has been designed to safely withstand all mechanical stresses
imposed by the maximum runaway speed. The dynamic balancing of the rotor
shall be carried out to keep values of rotor vibrations within allowable limits.

14
 ● SPIDER

The rotor rim is a fabricated structure having upper and lower discs. The lower discs of
the spider are fitted onto the shaft with bolts and dowels. The arms of the spider have
heavy steelbars welded on the outer periphery to support the ring. The brake track is also
mounted on the spider.

● ROTOR RIM
‘
The rotor rim is built up from sheet steel laminations each covering two pole
pitches and successive layers of laminations overlapped to give adequate
strength to the rim. ‘T’ shaped slots in the outer periphery of the ring receive
similar shape projections on the pole. . The rim is secured tangentially to the
rectangular bars of the spider with sets of five part keys having a master key in
the middle and a set of taper keys on each side so as to allow the rim to float
freely during operation.

● BEARINGS

Thrust bearing is poisoned below the rotor in lower bracket. It has been
designed for load that is summation of the weight of all rotating parts of the
generator and turbine and maximum hydraulic axial thrust. Thrust bearings are
of pivoted segmental pad type in which the stationary parts supported on
circular pad supports made of alloy steel. Each thrust pad along with pad
support is free to rock on spherical surface of block and there by self
alignment of pads is ensured. The taped edges of the pads allow the oil to
enter in the gap between pads and the runner. The pads are designed to tilt for
automatic adjustment of required lubrication gap for the actual speed and load.
One of guide bearing for generator having pads and poisoned below the rotor
along within thrust bearing has been housed in lower bracket. The guide
bearing is of pivoted pad type consisting of arrow of a white metal pads
arranged in a support ring to bear on a journal surface machine on the
periphery of T.B. collar. Bearing pads are immerged in oil. Plug in type oil
collars are inserted in oil bath to remove the bearing loss.

15
 ● UPPER BRACKET

The upper bracket supports the weights of the stationary parts of brush
gear,upper gear, generator cover, and mechanical over speed devices etc.
It is to be placed on the stator frame.

● LOWER BRACKET

The lower bracket house the lower guide bearing. The bracket is
designed to carry the weights of the rotating parts of the generator and
turbine as well as hydraulic thrust.

● BRAKING AND JACKETING SYSTEM

To apply the brakes, air at 4.0 – 5.0 atmospheric pressure shall be fed into
the cylinder from the station compressed air system. Brakes shall be
automatically applied when the speed of rotor reduces to a present value
and shall remain applied continuously so that the unit stops completely.
However, it shall be possible to apply the brakes manually. The brakes
shall automatically reset after complete stopping of the generator. Limit
switches have been provided for each brake to prevent the machine from
starting if any brake be in the raised position and provide ‘ON’ and
‘OFF’ indication on the unit control room

● CARBON DUST COLLECTION EQUIPMENT

Carbon dust is produced due to continuous rubbing of carbon brushes on

slip rings. To prevent deposition of this dust on slip – rings, a chamber
has been provided to enclose the slip – rings area and the air from this
chamber is extracted by an exhaust fan through a sheet metal duet.

● BRAKE DUST COLLECTION EQUIPMENT

The brake dust collection equipment consist of an extraction unit,

hoppers around brake assembly for trapping the brake dust and
flexible hoses for 16
connecting hoppers to extraction unit.Provision has been made in the control
schematic to the unit for its ON/OFF operating in auto mode.

● SPECIFICATIONS OF GENERATOR

No. and type :- 2 units /

synchronous Rated power :-
3600KVA

17
 EXCITATION

Excitation current is provided by the excitation system, usually

consists of autonomic voltage regulator (AVR), exciter, measuring
elements, power system stabilizer (PSS) and limitation and protection
unit.
Exciter is the source of electrical power for the field winding of
generator and is realized as a separate DC or AC generator. Exciter
has its field winding in the stator, and armature winding in the rotor.
In case of AC generator, as the rotor rotates, stator DC current induces
a three-phase alternating current into the rotor winding. This AC
current is rectified using diode, thyristor or transistor bridge installed
in the rotor.
Exciter is controlled by the AVR, which is very effective during
steady-state operation. Measuring elements are used to obtain
excitation system input values. Generator armature voltage is always
measured and measurements of armature current and the excitation
current and voltage are
optional.

Figure 15 – Excitation system

18
HEAT EXCHANGER

The cooling is realized by a closed system that circulates the

cooling medium (water or oil) over the components and a heat
exchanger where it releases the heat to secondary cooling water.
The secondary cooling water is the same surface water that drives
the turbines and it causes problems with fouling/scaling of those
heat exchangers. As a result of this, the turbine needs to be
shutdown regularly for heat exchangers to be cleaned.

Figure 14 - Heat exchanger

SERVOMOTOR

Hydropower plants typically rely on servomotors (large hydraulic

pistons) to deliver the motivating force to the operating
mechanism for opening or closing the wicket gates. The servomotor
movement is controlled by the speed governor to adjust water
flow to the runner in response to changing loads on the turbine ,
primarily to maintain operational stability. The reliability of these
hydraulic systems is crucial for stable control of the unit, and
minimizing the risks associated with mechanical failures of the
primary regulating mechanism of the turbine. One proven way to
enhance the performance and longevity of servomotors in
hydropower plants is by using self-lubricating bushings in the
mechanical connections and common wear points.

19
 Figure 15 - Servomotor

MAIN INLET VALVE

Main inlet valve is a crucial component in a hydroelectric power

plant, positioned between the penstock and the turbine. It ensures
safe startup, shutdown, and emergency isolation of the turbine
system.

Figure 16 - Main inlet valve

20
OIL PUMPING UNIT

The oil pumping unit (OPU) plays a vital role in the operation of a
hydroelectric power plant by supplying high-pressure hydraulic oil to the
turbine governing system. In a 6MW hydro station, the OPU is responsible
for critical components like the main inlet valve (MIV) and wicket gate
servomotors, which control water flow to the turbine. The unit typically
consists of electric motor-driven pumps, an oil reservoir, pressure gauges,
filter assemblies and relief valves.

Figure 17 - Oil pumping unit (OPU)

DRAFT TUBE

Draft tube is a specialised tube that serves as an intermediary connection

between the exit of a water away from the turbines exit point. As depicted
in the above figure, these essential components are carefully designed with
an expanding cross- sectional area, gradually widening from the inlet to the
outlet.

Figure 18 – Draft Tube

21
 CONTROL PANEL

A control panel is a flat, often where control or monitoring instrument

are displayed.

EXCITATION CONTROL PANEL

The excitation control panel provides necessary control and protection

to operate the generator in solo mode and in parallel with generator
and electricity board grid. The system is built with one auto channel
(of AVR type ) and one manual channel (field voltage regulator).
The power circuit consists of a high power single phase semi
controlled thyristor bridge. The power circuit is forced cooled using a
top mounted fan to help the semiconductors operated at a lower
junction temperature which ensures long term reliability of operation.

Figure 19 –Control Panel

The protection module provided in the panel protects the system

effectively against over excitation, over voltage and under voltage and
under voltage. When the system develops these faults (due to external

22
or internal causes) a trip signal is sent to the circuit breaker trip in
sipping the input through an excitation contactor.

SYNCHRONIZING CONTROL PANEL

The process of connecting an alternator to other alternator is known

as synchronizing and is crucial for the generation of AC electric
power.
A DC generator can be connected to a power network by adjusting its
open circuit terminal voltage to match the network by adjusting its
speed or its field excitation; the exact engine speed is not critical.
However, an AC machine must match both the amplitude and the
timing of the network voltage, which requires both speed and
excitation to be systematically and closely controlled for
synchronization. In modern system, synchronization of generators is
carried out by automatic system.

RELAY
Protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the C.B. is to isolate the defective element from the rest
of the system. Most of the relays operate on the principle of
electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction
PROTECTIVE RELAY

● Distance Relay: - Relay operates depending upon the

impedance between the point of fault and the point where
relay is installed. These relays are known as distance relay
or impedance relay.

● Figure 15 – Distance

23
 ● Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay: - It is a secondary
relay which is connected to the current transformers of the
object tobe protected. The overcurrent unit and the
earth-fault unit continuously measure the phase currents and
the neutral current of the object.

● Auxiliary Relay:- Auxiliary relay’s main is just a relay that

would trigger another relay or device to perform a specific
action. It operates as response to signal given to them by
opening or closing of its operating circuit. Hence it is called
auxiliary.

Figure 17 – Auxillary Relay

24
● Differential Relay: -The differential relay actually compares
between primary current and secondary current of autotransformer,
if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents
the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary
circuit of transformer.

● Restricted earth fault :- Restricted earth fault protection is provided

in transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer.

Figure 19 – Restricted earth fault Relay

25
● Buchholz Relay: - A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on
oil-filled transformers and reactors, equipped with an external
conservator. Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as
they are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur
inside the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of
gas detection relay.

Figure 20 – Buchholz Relay

26
 SWITCHYARD AND THEIR COMPONENTS
Switchyard is a switching station which is the main link between the
generating plant and the transmission system.. Switchyard is a
junction which carries the generated power to the destination, it plays
a major part in the security of the system, it can control the reactive
power devices which plays a major role in power quality.

Figure 21 – Switchyard of Binwa Power House

In the Binwa Power House type of switchyard is AIS (Air Insulated

Switchyard), this is the most common type of switchyard; here the
switchyard is present outside and open to the atmosphere. The high
voltage lines are isolated by the air, for that reason they occupy more
space as compared to the GIS (Gas Insulated Switchyard).It transmit
66KV voltage.

COMPONENTS OF SWITCHYARD

● Main Transformer
● Feeders
● Busbar
● Circuit Breaker
● Lightning Arrestor

27
● Isolator
● Instrument Transformer CT/PT

28
29
 ● MAIN TRANSFORMER

A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the

transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric power of the
same frequency in another circuit. The voltage can be raised or
lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or decrease in the
current ratings.

Figure 22 – Main Transformer

It is used to step up and step down the voltage. A transformer is a

device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductor –the transformer coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying
magnetic field through secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or “voltage” in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If load is connected to the secondary, an electrical current will flow in

the secondary winding and electrical will be transferred from the
primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding is in
proportion to the primary voltage, and is given by the ratio of the
number of turn in secondary to the number of turns in the primary as
Vs/Vp =Ns/Np.

30
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

A three-phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and

secondary windings, each set wound around one leg of an iron core
assembly. Those sets of primary and secondary windings will be
connected in either Δ or Y configurations to form a complete unit.
The various combinations of ways that these windings can be
connected together it will be the focus of this section. Whether the
winding sets share a common core assembly or each winding pair is a
separate transformer, the winding connection options are the same.

• INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER CT/PT

Instrument transformer is used for measuring voltage and current in
the electrical power system, and for power system protection and
control.

• CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is A current transformer is a device used

to produce an alternating current in its secondary, which is
proportional to the AC current in its primary. This is primarily used
when a current or voltage is too high to measure directly.
Current transformers are used for protection, measurement and
control in high- voltage electrical substations and the electrical grid.

31
 Figure 23 - Current Transformer and circuit diagram

• POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
It is used as an instrument transformer which is used for the
protection and measurement purposes in the power system. A
potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating
voltage in a power system. Potential transformers are step-down
transformers, i.e., they have many turns in the primary winding while
the secondary has few turns.

Figure 24 – Potential Transformer and Circuit Diagram

32
A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating
voltage in a power system. Potential transformers are step-down
transformers, i.e., they have many turns in the primary winding while
the secondary has few turns.

The stepped down voltage by the Potential transformer can be

measure using a low range AC voltmeter. The potential transformer
has shell type construction of its magnetic core for better accuracy.
One end of the secondary winding of the potential transformer is
grounded to provide the proper protection to the operator.

● LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

The earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical
system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide
protection against travelling waves which may reach the terminal
apparatus. The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide
protection against such surges. A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is
a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the
power system to the
ground

Figure 25 – Lightning
Arrestor and circuit
diagram

33
● ISOLATOR

It is a device which opens and closes the contacts only no-load

condition. Its main purpose is to isolate a portion of the circuit from
the other.
An isolator can porter no load conduction. In electrical substation an
isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be
completely de-energized for service or maintenance.

Figure 26 – Isolator

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The main purpose is to disconnect or de-energize the circuit
completely and for this purpose, they are used in substations, power
generating stations, and signal isolation. It provides more safety for
the operator as it ensures the total disconnection of the electrical
system. It is provided before and after the circuit breaker in high
voltage systems. First, the circuit breaker operates then operates such
that the equipment, busbars, and transformers are safe.

● FEEDER

Feeder transmits power from Generating station or substation to the

distribution points. They are similar to distributors except the fact that
there is no intermediate tapping done and hence the current flow
remains same at the sending as well as the receiving end. The
distribution feeder circuit conductors leave the switchyard from a
circuit breaker or circuit reclose via underground cables , called exit
cables. The underground cables are connected to the primary circuit
via a nearby riser pole. The feeder bay routes from the switchyard to
the distribution primary feeder circuits.

◻ No. of feeders at Binwa Power House: 2

◻ Each feeder transmits 33kv supply.

● BUSBAR

A busbar is a strip of copper or aluminum conductor that conduct

electricity within a generating station, switchboard, distribution board,
substation or other electrical apparatus. The size of the busbar
determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried.
.
Busbars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes
allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area
to cross-sectional area ratio

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 Figure 27 – Busbar

.
A busbar may either be supported on insulator, or else insulation
may completely surround it. Busbars are protected from accidental
contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by elevation out of
normal reach. Neutral busbars may also be insulated. Earth busbar are
typically bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their encloser. .

• CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made
in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual
household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high
voltage circuits feeding an entirecity.

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• VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
A breaker which used vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a
vacuum circuit breaker. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving
contact is enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The
arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum. It is
mainly used for medium voltage ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV.

Figure 28 – Vaccum Circuit Breaker and Circuit Diagram

The vacuum interrupter consists of a steel arc chamber in the centre

symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The vacuum pressure
inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10– 6 bar.
The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important
role in the performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. Cu/Cr is the
ideal material to make VCB contacts.

Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB

◻ Service life of vacuum circuit breaker is much longer than
other types of circuit breakers.

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 ◻ There is no chance of fire hazard like oil circuit breaker. It
is much environment friendly than SF6 Circuit
breaker.
◻ Beside that contraction of VCB is user-friendly.
◻ Replacement of vacuum interrupter (VI) is much
convenient.

• CONDUCTOR AND ITS MATERIAL

Conductors are defined as the materials or substances that allow
electricity to flow through them. Also, conductors allow heat to be
transmitted through them. Examples of conductors are metals, the
human body, Earth and animals. The human body is a strong
conductor

Figure 29 – Conductor

Aluminum conductor steel reinforced (known as ACSR) are primarily

used for medium and high voltage lines and may also be used for
overhead services to individual customers. Aluminum conductor is
used as it has the advantages of lower resistivity/ weight than copper,
as well as being cheaper. Some copper cable is still used, especially at
lower voltage and for
grounding.

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 CONCLUSION

Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No

other energy source, renewable or non renewable, can match it.
Producing electricity from hydropower is cheapest because once a
dam has been built and the equipment installed, the energy source-
flowing water is free. Although Hydropower does present a few
environmental problems the inherent technical, economic and
environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important
contributor to the future world energy.
This training proved an opportunity for encounter with such huge mac
hines like hydro-generator, transformers etc. The architecture of
Hydropower plant way various units are linked and the way working
of whole plant is controlled make the students realize that Engineering
is not just structural description but greater part is planning and
management. It provides an opportunity to learn tech. Used at proper
place and time can save a lot of labour. However, training has proved
to be satisfactory. It has allowed us an opportunity to get an exposure
of the practical implementation of theoretical fundamentals.

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