GCSE Biology

Paper 1 Revision and Practice

What’s Included?
Paper 1 Paper 2
• Cell Biology • Homeostasis and response
• Organisation • Inheritance, variation and
• Infection and response evolution
• Bioenergetics. • Ecology
 Recall Questions
1. What is the job of a ribosome
2. Where in the cell does photosynthesis takes place
3. What structure of the cell has the function of ‘chemical reactions’
4. What structure of the cell controls what enters and exits the cell
1. Protein synthesis
5. What is the job of the organelle, the mitochondria 2. Chloroplast
6. What is stored in the vacuole of a plant cell 3. Cytoplasm
4. Membrane
7. What is the green pigment in the chloroplast called 5. Respiration (release energy)
8. What is the cell wall made from 6. Sap
7. Chlorophyll
9. What important material is inside the nucleus 8. Cellulose
9. DNA/chromosomes
10. Name three things a plant cell has that an animal cell does not
10. chloroplast., vacuole, cell wall
 Animal Cell

1. ribosome
2. membrane
3. nucleus
4. cytoplasm
5. mitochondria

Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus

 Plant Cell

1. Cellulose cell wall

2. nucleus
3. membrane
4. vacuole
5. Ribosome
6. Cytoplasm
7. Mitochondria
8. chloroplast

Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus

Microscopy 1. The image size of a woodlouse is 5mm long. The actual size
of the wood louse is 0.4mm. What is the magnification of
the image? Use the equations above to help you
Magnification = image ÷ actual
Magnification = 5 ÷ 0.4 =
Magnification = 12.5
2. A plant cell image measures 15mm in length. If the actual
length of the plant cell is 0.0015mm, how many times has
it been magnified? Use the equations above to help you.
Magnification = image ÷ actual
Magnification = 15 ÷ 0.0015 =
Magnification = 10,000
3. An animal cell image had a width of 40mm, after being
magnified 500 times. What was the actual width of the cell
Actual Width = image ÷ magnification
4. A plant cell was magnified 2000 =times
Actual width under
40 ÷ 500 a microscope.
= 0.08mm
The image appeared as 60mm in length. What was the
actual length of the plant cell in µm
Actual Width = image ÷ magnification
Actual width = 60 ÷ 2000 = 0.03mm
0.03mm x 1000 = 30µm
 Prokaryotic Cell

1. cell wall
2. plasmids
3. flagella
4. Ribosome
5. Genetic material

Prokaryotic cell has no nucleus

 Photosynthesis
1. Carbon dioxide
2. glucose

How do plants use glucose

8. What is the formula for glucose

9. How many water, carbon dioxide

and oxygen molecules are needed
to balance the equation 3 Store as insoluble starch
4 Make proteins
Plants need minerals to grow

Nitrates  for protein

5 Make fats and oils

Magnesium  chlorophyll
6 Make cellulose (for cell walls)
7 Release energy in respiration
endothermic reaction
Photosynthesis Required Practical
A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis.

1. What was the independent variable 1. Light intensity

2. What was the dependent variable 2. Number of bubbles

3. Carbon dioxide concentration,

3. Suggest 3 controlled variables temperature, pH, mass of
pondweed, species pondweed

4. Light intensity is one limiting factor of photosynthesis. State 2 other

limiting factors 4. temperature, Carbon dioxide
concentration

5. To calculate light intensity, the pupils used the formula for inverse
square law (Intensity =1/d2). What would be the light intensity when
the light was 25cm away from the pondweed Intensity = 1 ÷ (25) 2
Intensity = 1 ÷ (625)
Intensity = 0.0016
Limiting Factor Graphs• Describe the graph (2)
1. As light intensity increases rate increases
2. Up to about 18
3. Then the number of bubbles levels off

• Explain the graph (3)

1. Light is the limiting factor below 20 units
2. Because as we increase the light we
increase the rate
3. Above 20 units something else is limiting
like temperature or carbon dioxide
 Respiration
1. Why is cellular respiration important Release energy
2. What does aerobic mean With oxygen
3. What does anaerobic mean Without oxygen
4. Is respiration exothermic or endothermic exothermic
5. In the equation below what's is
1. A glucose
2. B oxygen
3. C water
4. D Carbon dioxide
 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Feature Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Where it occurs Mainly mitochondria cytoplasm
How much energy is released lots little
Does it need oxygen Needs oxygen No oxygen needed
products Carbon dioxide + water Lactic acid
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast :

glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has

Important in the manufacture of

• bread
• alcohol
 Response to Exercise
1. What is the job of the heart
2. What are the 2 raw materials needed for respiration
3. Where does oxygen enter the body 1. Pump blood
4. Why do we breathe faster/deeper during exercise 2. Glucose and oxygen
3. alveoli
5. What happens to arteries during exercise 4. Take in more oxygen/remove more carbon
dioxide
During exercise 5. Dilate (widen to allow more blood to flow)
Heart beats faster
To pump more blood to muscles
Oxygen debt: after exercise it takes time to return our heart
To provide more oxygen and glucose rate and breathing rate to normal
To allow more respiration 1. During strenuous exercise
2. Anaerobic respiration takes place
To release more energy 3. Lactic acid builds up
As muscles contract more 4. We need oxygen to break it down into carbon dioxide nd
water
The Respiratory System

Trachea
Alveoli
bronchiole
bronchus
rib
Gas exchange occurs at small
‘sacs’ in the lungs called Intercostal muscle
alveoli.
We have millions of these to diaphragm
make a large surface area for
lots of gas exchange
 Lungs
When we inhale the

Intercostal Muscles contract so the ribs move …………………

………………………….. up and out

diaphragm
The …………………………….. Muscle contracts and flattens
volume
This increases the ……………………………………… of the lungs

pressure
And reduces the ……………………………………………

Air is forced in
When we exhale the
relax
Intercostal Muscles ……………………. so the ribs move down and in
diaphragm Muscle relaxes and moves …………………………
The …………………………….. up
volume
This reduces the ……………………………………… of the lungs
pressure
And increases the ……………………………………………

Air is forced out

Circulatory System
Pulmonary artery aorta
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava

Right Atrium Left atrium

valves
Pace maker
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Cardiac muscle
Thicker on left side
 The Heart
1. Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood
2. What are the jobs of the valves
3. What vessels cover the surface of the heart to give it oxygenated blood
4. What metal devices can be inserted into the arteries to keep them open when
a person is suffering from CHD
5. What drugs can be sued to treat CHD

The sound of the heart beat is caused by valves closing

1. right
2. Prevent backflow
Heart rate is controlled by the pace maker
3. Coronary arteries The heart is a double pump,
4. Stent • right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs,
5. statins
left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body
 Arteries vs Veins
Arteries have a thick all to withstand high pressure
Arteries have a lot of elastic tissue to stretch and recoil, smooth out pressure
Veins have valves to prevent backflow
Veins have a wide lumen to reduce friction

Property Artery Vein

Wall thickness thick Thin
Blood pressure high low
Direction of blood flow Away from heart Into the heart
General Nature of blood flowing in
vessels oxygenated deoxygenated
Valves no yes
Lumen
narrow wide
Inner lining smooth smooth
Capillaries
 Blood
Name of part function

plasma Carries glucose, proteins, antibodies,

ions, hormones, amino acids
Water: urea and carbon dixoide

Engulf pathogens
Capillary wall Plasma White blood cell
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins

platelet White blood cell Carry oxygen on haemoglobin

Red blood cell

No nucleus, so can carry more oxygen

nucleus
Red blood cell
platelet Blood clotting
 Movement of molecules
1. What is diffusion (2) Movement of particles…….from a high to low concentration

2. State 3 factors that can affect the rate of diffusion Temperature……surface area……diffusion distance

Movement of water…….
3. What is osmosis (3) from a high water concentration to a low water concentration
Through a semi permeable membrane

4. What is active transport (3/4)

Osmosis in living organisms:
Movement of molecules…….
Water from soil to root cells
Across a membrane
Water in kidney tubules
from a low to high concentration
Water in large intestine
Using energy
Released in respiration Diffusion in living organisms: Active Transport in living
Gas exchange at alveoli organisms:
Gas exchange at stomata Ions form soil to root hair cells
Sugars entering cells/blood At synapses
Chemical transmitters at synapse Nerve cells
 Needs energy
from respiration

Review osmosis required practical Semi permeable

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oieXYuQm_xE
The Cell Cycle
3. Cell division
2. Mitosis: for growth Membrane And Cytoplasm
Chromosomes move to the divide
poles of the cell
A new nucleus forms
around each

Nuclear division
1. Interphase
1. DNA replicates
2. New proteins made
3. New organelles made

This is about 90% of the cell

cycle

Read up on stem cells

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2km
k2p/video
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs8y4
qt/test
 Mouth:
Salivary gland
Oesophagus

Gall bladder
Stomach
Liver produces
Pancreas

Small intestine Large intestine

Rectum
anus
 Can you complete the table
Enzyme Substrate Product(s) Where enzyme is Where enzyme works
made

1. Salivary Gland
___________ 1. Mouth
Amylase Starch sugars 2. Pancreas 2. Small intestine
3. Small intestine
1. ____________
Stomach
2. Pancreas 1. ____________
Stomach
proteins 3. Small intestine 2. Small intestine
Protease Amino
Acids
1. ____________
1._________ 2. Small Small intestine
Lipase Pancreas
intestine
Lipids Fatty Acids
2._________
fats Glycerol
 Enzymes and digestion
1. What are enzymes made from proteins
2. What is the region on the enzyme called where the substrate
binds Active site
3. What is another name for enzymes Biological catalysts
4. State 2 factors that can affect enzyme activity pH and Temp
5. What term describes when an enzymes active site has changed
shape denatured
6. Where is bile made liver
7. Where is bile stored Gall bladder
8. What is the role of bile (2) Neutralize stomach acid & emulsify lipids
9. What acid is in the stomach HCl
 Tissues plant and animal
1. From what tissue do plant stem cells come from meristem
2. What tissue covers animal organs epithelial
3. What tissue makes enzymes and proteins glandular
4. What tissue contracts for movement muscle
5. What plant tissue is where most photosynthesis comes form palisade

6. What plant tissue covers the organs epidermal

7. What plant tissue carries water xylem
8. What plant tissue carries sugar phloem
Plant tissues
Waxy cuticle
epidermis
Palisade tissue

xylem
Spongy tissue

Air space

phloem

stomata Guard cell

 Plant transport
• Movement of water from roots, up shoots, and out of leaves is called
transpiration stream

• Transpiration is….
• Loss of water
• By evaporation
• Out of the stomata

• Movement of sugar is called translocation

 Immunity
1. Give three ways white blood cells fight disease Make antibodies, make antitoxins, engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
2. What do we call disease causing microbes pathogens
3. How do bacteria make us ill Produce toxins, which damage cells
4. What drugs can we use to kill bacteria antibiotics
5. What drugs can we use to treat symptoms of infectionPainkillers (aspirin)
placebo
6. What is the name of the control in a drug trial
Remove bias
7. Why is a double blind trial used in a drug test
hydrochoric
8. What acid is in the stomach
sebum
9. What oily substance does the skin produce to kill bacteria Mucus and cilia
10. What 2 things are present in the respiratory tract to trap and remove microbes
Blood clots
11. What is the function of platelets antigens
12. What do we call foreign proteins that stimulate white blood cells
penicillin
13. Name an antibiotic Weakened pathogen
14. What is in a vaccine aspirin
15. What drug is obtained form willow trees Digitalis (heart treatments)
16. What drug is obtained from foxglove
Toxicity, dosage, effectiveness
17. What are drugs tested for