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Chapter 1-4 Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds

The document outlines the relationship between element reactivity and periodicity, emphasizing how valence electrons influence chemical bonding. It explains the formation of cations and anions, their typical charges based on periodic table position, and provides examples of ionic compounds and their naming conventions. Additionally, it covers the concepts of ionic radii, attractive forces between ions, and the process of writing ionic compound formulas.

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4 views39 pages

Chapter 1-4 Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds

The document outlines the relationship between element reactivity and periodicity, emphasizing how valence electrons influence chemical bonding. It explains the formation of cations and anions, their typical charges based on periodic table position, and provides examples of ionic compounds and their naming conventions. Additionally, it covers the concepts of ionic radii, attractive forces between ions, and the process of writing ionic compound formulas.

Uploaded by

tianpu003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Learning objective

Explain the relationship between trends in the reactivity of elements and


periodicity.

Essential knowledge
• The likelihood that two elements will form a chemical bond is determined by
the interactions between the valence electrons and nuclei of elements.
• Elements in the same column of the periodic table tend to form
analogous compounds.
• Typical charges of atoms in ionic compounds are governed by their
location on the periodic table and the number of valence electrons.
Recap: cations and anions
• Positive ions (cations) are formed by the loss of one or more
electrons.
Na - e-  Na+
• Negative ions (anions) are formed by the gain of one or more
electrons.
F + e -  F-
Ag+, Zn2+ , Cd2+
Q1

1. Predict the typical charge of the following


ions ：

(1) oxygen
(2) sodium
(3) magnesium
(4) zinc
(5) silver
(6) aluminum
1. Predict the typical charge of the following
ions ：

(1) oxygen: O2-


(2) sodium: Na+
(3) magnesium: Mg2+
(4) zinc: Zn2+
(5) silver: Ag+
(6) aluminum: Al3+
Q2

Write the electron configuration of the following ions.

O2-: 1s2 2s2 2p6


Al3+:
P3-:
Ca2+:
Q2

Write the electron configuration of the following ions.

O2-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 or [He] 2s2 2p6


Al3+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 or [He] 2s2 2p6
P3-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 or [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Ca2+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 or [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Q5, 2016
Q5, 2016
Ionic Radii

 Positively charged ions formed when


an atom of a metal loses one or more electrons
Cations
 Smaller than the corresponding atom due to the
loss of an energy shell

 Negatively charged ions formed when nonmetallic

Anions atoms gain one or more electrons


 Larger than the corresponding atom due to
greater electron-electron repulsion
Table of
Ion
Sizes
Q1, AP 2016
Attractive force for ions
Ions exhibit attractive forces for ions of opposite charge.
The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
follows Coulomb’s law:

F: force of attraction
+q: charge of the positive ion
-q: charge of the negative ion
r: distance between the ions' nuclei (~ the sum of the
radii of ions)

* 比吸引力大小，先看 q ，再看 r
Q3, AP 2013
Q19, AP 2018
Q19, AP 2018
Q6, AP 2016
Q6, AP 2016
Q3, AP 2018
Q3, AP 2018
Q1, AP 2016
Recap: Ionic bonds
Ionic compounds

Nature Electrostatic attraction between opposite charged ions.

Bond formation Transferring of e-

Difference in > 1.7


electronegativity
Naming ionic
compounds
1. With elements only

Example: NaF
Na: sodium
F: fluorine

Name: Sodium fluoride

2. With polyatomic ions

Example: Na2CO3
Na: sodium
CO3 : carbonate

Name: sodium carbonate


3. With transition (and post-transition)
Roman numeral metals

the name includes Roman numeral (e.g. I,


II, III…) if the metal forms more than one
cation.

Example:
FeCl2 , iron (II) chloride
FeCl3 , iron (III) chloride

Exception: zinc and silver don’t use Roman numerals because they only have one
possible oxidation state.
Zn2+ , Ag+
Zn(OH)2 , zinc hydroxide
AgCl, silver chloride
1. Name the following ionic compounds:

(1). CaCl2 :

(2). K2CO3 :

(3). Al2SO4 :

(4). Mg(OH) 2 :

(5). NH4NO3 :

(6). FeCl2 :

(7). CuSO4 :

(8). Zn(OH) 2 :
1. Name the following ionic compounds:

(1). CaCl2 : calcium chloride

(2). K2CO3 : potassium carbonate

(3). Al2SO4 : aluminum sulfate

(4). Mg(OH) 2 : magnesium hydroxide

(5). NH4NO3 : ammonium nitrate

(6). FeCl2 : iron(II) chloride

(7). CuSO4 : copper (II) sulfate

(8). Zn(OH) 2 : zinc hydroxide


Write ionic compound formula
• 3 steps to write the formula
Example: aluminium sulfide

1. Write the formulas 2. Check to see if 3. Balance charges , if


for the cation and anion, charges are balanced. necessary, using
including CHARGES! subscripts.
Write ionic compound formula - Note

3. Balance charges , if Note: Use brackets if you need more than one
necessary, using of a polyatomic ion.
subscripts.
Example:
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
2. Write ionic formula:

(1). calcium bromide


(2). aluminum sulfate
(3). potassium nitrate
(4). copper (I) chloride
(5). ammonium sulfate
(6). silver nitrate
(7). lead(IV) oxide
(8). sodium carbonate
2. Write ionic formula:

(1). calcium bromide: CaBr2


(2). aluminum sulfate: Al2(SO4)3
(3). potassium nitrate: KNO3
(4). copper (I) chloride: CuCl
(5). ammonium sulfate: (NH4)2SO4
(6). silver nitrate: AgNO3
(7). lead(IV) oxide: PbO2
(8). sodium carbonate: Na2CO3
作业：教科书 5-26 页
3, 7, 39, 42, 52, 54, 55
作业：教科书 5-26 页
3. B
7. B
39. E
42. C
52. B
54. D
55. A

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