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Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient, denoted as 'r', measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables, ranging from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates both variables increase together, while a negative value indicates one increases as the other decreases; a value of zero indicates no association. Caution is advised when using correlation coefficients in non-linear relationships, in the presence of outliers, or when variables are measured across distinct groups.

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5 views11 pages

Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient, denoted as 'r', measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables, ranging from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates both variables increase together, while a negative value indicates one increases as the other decreases; a value of zero indicates no association. Caution is advised when using correlation coefficients in non-linear relationships, in the presence of outliers, or when variables are measured across distinct groups.

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CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT
Dr. HAMOOYA
• Correlation coefficient simply summarizes the strength
of the relationship between two quantitative variables.

• Correlation coefficient is denoted by a letter “r”

• Apart from summarizing the strength of the relationship,


correlation coefficient test the null hypothesis that the
population correlation coefficient (p) is zero.

• The quantity for correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to


+1
• Positive correlation is one in which both variables increase
together

• Negative correlation is one in which one variable increases


as the other decreases.

• When variables are linearly connected/related, the correlation


coefficient will either be -1 or +1.

• Correlation coefficient is not affected by the unit of


measurement. Say you want to ascertain the relationship
cholesterol (mmol/l) and age (years), despite different units of
measurement, correlation coefficient remains the same
Correlation coefficient, r =1
Correlation coefficient, r = -1
Correlation coefficient, r = 0
• When correlation coefficient, r=0, then it means there is no
association.

• Correlation coefficient , r=1, indicates a perfect positive


relationship/association i.e as one variable increases even the
other one increases.

• Correlation coefficient , r=-1, indicates a perfect inverse


relationship/association i.e as one variables increases, the other
one decreases

• Correlation coefficient is used when the basic relationship


between the two variables is linear.
• Existence of a correlation between two variables does not
necessarily imply causation

• Correlations may arise because;


• one variable is the partial cause of another
• or the two correlated variables have a common cause

• Factors such as sampling, variation in the two populations


e.t.c affect the size of the correlation coefficient
When not to use correlation
coefficient
• Correlation coefficient should not be used when the relationship
is non-linear
• Correlation coefficient should be used with a caution in the
presence of outliers
• Correlation coefficient should be used with a caution when
variables are measured over more than one distinct group
• Correlation coefficient should not be used in situations where
one of the variables is determined in advance.
• Assumption underlying the test of significance correlation
coefficient is that observation are random samples and
that one of the two variables is normally distributed
• When the assumption of normality is fulfilled, Pearson
correlation coefficient is used.
• When the assumption of normality is not fulfilled,
Spearman correlation coefficient is used.
Reference
• Biostatistics and epidemiology : a primer for health and
biomedical prefessionals / by Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller.—
3rd ed (2003).

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